Skip to main content
. 2016 Feb 1;11(3):e1138193. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1138193

Table 3.

Percentages of volatile ornagic compounds in different citrus varieties.

Compound LRI HP-5MS Hamlin sweet orange Madam vinous sweet orange Carrizo citrange Valencia sweet orange Ruby red grapefruit Duncan grapefruit Volkamer lemon Mexican lime Palestine sweet lime Sour orange Poncirus trifoliata Citrus latipes Alemow Severinia buxifolia
(E)-2-hexenal 836 0.6 ± 0.3ab nd 0.6 ± 0.6ab 2.3 ± 4.4ab 1.6 ± 1.4ab nd 3.2 ± 0.9ab 2.1 ± 2.9ab 1.1 ± 0.3ab 0.1 ± 0.2ab 6.8 ± 6.7a 0.1 ± 0.1ab 0.3 ± 0.4ab 0.1 ± 0.0ab
α-thujene 911 0.1 ± 0.0b 0.1 ± 0.13b nd nd 0.3 ± 0.1a nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.1 ± 0.1ab nd
α-pinene 921 1.2 ± 0.3a 0.3 ± 0.1cde nd 0.8 ± 0.1abc 1.1 ± 0.3ab 0.5 ± 0.1bcde 0.2 ± 0.1de nd 0.1 ± 0.0de 0.1 ± 0.1e nd 0.7 ± 0.6abcd 0.4 ± 0.4cde nd
sabinene 967 37.9 ± 2.5a 5.1 ± 1.1cd nd 20.8 ± 4.3b 15.1 ± 12.4bc 20.6 ± 2.2b 5.7 ± 0.4cd nd nd 0.2 ± 0.1d nd 0.4 ± 0.3d 0.1 ± 0.1d nd
β -pinene 974 1.0 ± 0.1bc 0.2 ± 0.1d nd 0.7 ± 0.1c 1.0 ± 0.2bc 1.3 ± 0.0ab nd nd nd 1.5 ± 0.4a nd nd 0.3 ± 0.2d nd
β -myrcene 983 3.1 ± 0.3bc 1.3 ± 0.1cde 0.9 ± 0.2cde 2.8 ± 0.5bcd 4.3 ± 1.1b 1.4 ± 0.4bcde 1.1 ± 0.1cde 0.1 ± 0.1de 0.8 ± 0.2cde 8.5 ± 2.3a 7.4 ± 2.7a 1.1 ± 0.4cde 0.7 ± 0.3cde nd
α-phellandrene 1005 0.2 ± 0.0b nd nd 0.3 ± 0.0b nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 3.1 ± 0.9a nd nd
3-carene 1008 8.0 ± 0.5b 3.5 ± 0.3c 1.8 ± 0.6d 10.2 ± 0.9a nd nd nd tr nd 0.2 ± 0.1e nd nd 3.5 ± 0.3d nd
d-limonene 1033 2.6 ± 0.6ef 55.3 ± 2.4a 40.0 ± 3.1cd 4.3 ± 1.7ef 6.9 ± 2.4ef 8.4 ± 7.8ef 52.5 ± 0.8ab 10.8 ± 4.7e 47.0 ± 1.8bc nd 0.3 ± 0.2f 10.5 ± 1.3e 31.4 ± 1.9d 2.7 ± 2.7ef
β-phellandrene 1042 nd 0.6 ± 0.1b nd 0.1 ± 0.1b nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 11.4 ± 2.6a 0.3 ± 0.1b nd
ocimene 1050 4.4 ± 0.5ab 1.8 ± 0.5bcdef 3.3 ± 2.2abcde 5.7 ± 1.9a 4.1 ± 0.8abc 1.7 ± 1.7bcdef 3.8 ± 0.3abcd 0.7 ± 0.4def 1.0 ± 0.1cdef 3.4 ± 1.3abcde 0.8 ± 0.5def 0.3 ± 0.1ef 1.0 ± 0.2cdef nd
α-terpinene 1066 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 3.4 ± 1.4a nd
t-sabinene H2O 1084 0.7 ± 0.1bc 0.3 ± 0.1bc nd 0.2 ± 0.2bc 0.8 ± 0.1b 1.6 ± 1.0a 0.1 ± 0.0bc nd nd nd nd nd 0.1 ± 0.0c nd
δ-terpinolene 1098 1.0 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1c 0.2 ± 0.1c 1.2 ± 0.2b nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 2.2 ± 0.7a 0.1 ± 0.0c nd
linalool 1114 11.2 ± 0.7bcd 4.1 ± 1.4cd 0.3 ± 0.2d 8.1 ± 1.6bcd 7.4 ± 2.0bcd 18.1 ± 14.3b 3.3 ± 0.1cd 0.1 ± 0.1d 12.8 ± 0.5bc 68.3 ± 1.4a nd 7.6 ± 1.8bcd 1.5 ± 0.1cd 0.3 ± 0.3d
citronellal 1172 0.5 ± 0.1e 3.8 ± 0.5de 0.7 ± 0.4 9.1 ± 2.0cd 30.3 ± 4.3a 16.1 ± 5.2b 19.8 ± 0.3b 0.6 ± 0.2e 32.6 ± 2.2a 0.1 ± 0.0e nd 0.9 ± 0.4e 13.9 ± 5.2bc nd
(E,Z)-2,4-nonadienal 1222 3.2 ± 1.3abc 0.5 ± 0.3bc nd 1.5 ± 0.7bc 6.2 ± 1.8a 5.6 ± 2.6a 1.8 ± 0.7bc 0.6 ± 0.2bc 0.5 ± 0.2bc 3.5 ± 0.5ab 3.1 ± 2.2abc 0.5 ± 0.2bc 1.1 ± 1.1bc 0.3 ± 0.7bc
fenchol 1224 0.2 ± 0.2abc 0.3 ± 0.0a nd 0.3 ± 0.2ab nd nd nd nd 0.3 ± 0.2abc nd nd 0.2 ± 0.2abc 0.0 ± 0.0bc nd
undecanal 1230 0.1 ± 0.0b 0.2 ± 0.2b nd 0.1 ± 0.0b 0.3 ± 0.3b 0.1 ± 0.0b 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.1 ± 0.0b 0.1 ± 0.0b 0.3 ± 0.2b nd 19.6 ± 0.8a 0.1 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.3b
neral 1268 2.7 ± 0.2cd 9.7 ± 2.1bc nd 5.9 ± 2.9cd 3.7 ± 1.8cd 8.2 ± 5.9bcd nd 16.6 ± 4.5ab 0.3 ± 0.0d 0.1 ± 0.2d nd 24.6 ± 8.3a 16.1 ± 2.8ab nd
geranial 1299 3.6 ± 0.2de 11.6 ± 1.6c nd 7.4 ± 4.3cd 1.9 ± 0.7de 12.1 ± 1.4c nd 31.5 ± 4.4a nd nd nd nd 22.8 ± 4.1b nd
δ-elemene 1365 nd nd 1.4 ± 0.4b nd nd nd 0.7 ± 0.0b 0.9 ± 0.2b nd nd 2.2 ± 0.6ab 5.7 ± 5.0a 0.3 ± 0.0b 1.6 ± 0.4b
citronellyl acetate 1375 nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.2 ± 0.0ab 0.3 ± 0.3ab 0.4 ± 0.0a nd nd nd 0.1 ± 0.0b nd
neryl acetate 1385 nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.8 ± 0.1bc 1.6 ± 1.1ab 0.1 ± 0.0c 2.3 ± 0.0a nd 0.1 ± 0.0c 0.2 ± 0.0c 0.1 ± 0.0c
geranyl acetate 1404 nd nd 1.8 ± 0.6b nd nd nd 0.1 ± 0.0b 11.7 ± 6.3a 0.2 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.2b nd 3.5 ± 0.8b 0.9 ± 0.1b nd
β-elemene 1420 10.92 ± 1.1ab 0.3 ± 0.1e 9.0 ± 1.7abc 11.4 ± 6.4a 7.5 ± abcd 2.4 ± 0.4cde 0.1 ± 0.0e 2.1 ± 0.7de nd 0.1 ± 0.0e 4.6 ± 3.2bcde 0.11 ± 0.0e 0.2 ± 0.0e 0.2 ± 0.0e
α-santalene 1450 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 34.6 ± 1.0
t-caryophyllene 1453 2.87 ± 0.1cd 0.6 ± 0.1d 20.5 ± 2.1b 3.1 ± 0.8cd 5.3 ± 1.3cd 1.0 ± 0.1d 4.2 ± 0.2cd 8.6 ± 1.0c 1.5 ± 0.2d 5.4 ± 0.6cd 48.5 ± 8.2a 2.1 ± 0.4 1.8 ± 1.2cd 17.3 ± 1.4b
γ-elemen 1458 nd nd 9.6 ± 1.1b nd nd nd 0.1 ± 0.0c 0.9 ± 0.1c nd nd 14.9 ± 0.8a nd 0.1 ± 0.0c nd
t-α-bergamotene 1460 nd nd 0.3 ± 0.1cd nd nd nd 0.6 ± 0.0bc 0.5 ± 0.1bc 0.5 ± 0.0bcd nd 0.1 ± 0.0d nd 0.7 ± 0.5ab 1.0 ± 0.1a
t-β-farnesene 1474 1.3 ± 0.0abc 0.1 ± 0.0d 2.0 ± 0.2ab 0.9 ± 0.7cd 2.2 ± 1.0a 1.0 ± 0.1bcd nd 0.1 ± 0.1d nd 0.1 ± 0.1d nd nd 0.1 ± 0.0d nd
epi-β-santalene 1475 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 3.2 ± 0.2
β-santalene 1487 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 5.1 ± 0.1
α-humulene 1487 0.6 ± 0.0abcd 0.1 ± 0.0d 1.22 ± 0.1ab 0.8 ± 0.4abcd nd nd 0.1 ± 0.0cd 1.2 ± 1.3abc 0.1 ± 0.0d 0.2 ± 0.0bcd 1.4 ± 0.2a 0.2 ± 0.0bcd 0.3 ± 0.1bcd nd
germacrene D 1510 0.4 ± 0.0c nd 5.88 ± 1.1b nd nd nd 0.1 ± 0.0c 0.8 ± 0.7c 0.1 ± 0.0c nd 9.5 ± 1.0a 0.6 ± 0.1c 0.4 ± 0.0c 0.1 ± 0.0c
α-farnesene 1521 nd nd nd 0.3 ± 0.2b nd nd nd 5.5 ± 3.9a nd 1.3 ± 0.1b nd nd nd nd
bicyclogermacrene 1524 nd nd 0.39 ± 0.1cd nd nd nd 0.2 ± 0.0d 0.1 ± 0.2d nd 1.3 ± 0.1c 0.4 ± 0.1cd 4.3 ± 1.2b 0.7 ± 0.2cd 6.6 ± 0.4a
β-bisabolene 1528 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.8 ± 0.1a 0.4 ± 0.0b
sesquiterpenol 1 1598 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.4 ± 0.1 nd nd
coumarin 1 1624 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.2 ± 0.2
sesquiterpenol 2 1669 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 13.7 ± 2.7
sesquiterpenol 3 1679 1.2 ± 0.1b nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 3.5 ± 0.9a
β-sinensal 1691 0.5 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.2b 0.2 ± 0.0b 1.9 ± 2.0ab nd nd 1.0 ± 0.0ab 2.5 ± 1.0a 0.7 ± 0.1ab nd nd nd nd nd
coumarin 2 1703 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 4.8 ± 2.6
seselin 1898 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 4.7 ± 0.4
coumarin 3 1911 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.9 ± 0.4

Means in the same line with the same letters are not significantly different from each other (Tukey test, p < 0.05). nd: not detected and tr: < 0.01.

Bolded compound were identified by LRI and mass spectra of authentic standards; non-bolded compounds were tentatively identified by LRI and mass spectrum.

Coumarin 1: 7-Methoxy-8-(2-formyl-2-methylpropyl) coumarin

Coumarin 2: 7-Methoxy-8-(2-oxo-3-methylbutyl) coumarin

Coumarin 3: coumarin-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-7,8-dimethoxy-4,4,5-trimethyl-