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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 27.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res. 2012 Jun 7;1467:56–66. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.054

Table 1.

Summary of subjects’ language exposure and fluency.

(a) Language demographics: family, community and education exposure to L1 and L2.
Number of subjects (total n= 12)

Cantonese English French Mandarin Spanish
L1 0 8 3 1 0
L2 2 4 4 1 1
Mother’s native language 2 4 3 2 1
Father’s native language 2 1 6 2 1
Language spoken: L1 L2 Both
With parents 9 3
With siblings 12 0
With peers 12 0
In community during childhood 12 0
In primary school 9 1 2
In high school 9 2 1
In post-secondary school 11 1
(b) Self-reported rating of L2 fluency
L2 fluency Mean (on a 7-point scale)a S.D.
 Speaking 5.4 1.7
 Understanding 5.8 1.3
 Reading 5.2 2.0
 Writing 4.5 2.2
 Vocabulary 5.0 1.3
Balance of L1/L2 usageb +1.0
Balance of L1/L2 abilityb +2.1
a

7-point Likert scale where 1 is basic fluency and 7 is perfectly fluent.

b

10-point scale where 0 is perfect balance between L1 and L2; +5 is L1 only; −5 is L2 only.