Table 1.

Summary of subjects’ language exposure and fluency.

(a) Language demographics: family, community and education exposure to L1 and L2.
	Number of subjects (total n= 12)
	Cantonese	English	French	Mandarin	Spanish
L1	0	8	3	1	0
L2	2	4	4	1	1
Mother’s native language	2	4	3	2	1
Father’s native language	2	1	6	2	1

Language spoken:	L1	L2	Both
With parents	9	3
With siblings	12	0
With peers	12	0
In community during childhood	12	0
In primary school	9	1	2
In high school	9	2	1
In post-secondary school	11	1

(b) Self-reported rating of L2 fluency
L2 fluency	Mean (on a 7-point scale)a	S.D.
Speaking	5.4	1.7
Understanding	5.8	1.3
Reading	5.2	2.0
Writing	4.5	2.2
Vocabulary	5.0	1.3
Balance of L1/L2 usageb	+1.0
Balance of L1/L2 abilityb	+2.1

^a7-point Likert scale where 1 is basic fluency and 7 is perfectly fluent.

^b10-point scale where 0 is perfect balance between L1 and L2; +5 is L1 only; −5 is L2 only.