Table 4.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of N. sativa and thymoquinone in GI tract
| Plant preparation | Experimental model | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| N. Sativa | Ethanol induced gastric mucosal damage | Reduced the number of MC , the area of gastric erosions, histamine levels and myeloperoxidase activity | (Kanter et al., 2006) |
| N. sativa seed | Gastric lesions induced by indomethacin | Reduced the gastric lesions | (Rifat-uz-Zaman and Khan, 2004) |
| Aqueous extract | Gastric lesions induced by indomethacin | Reduced gastric acid-output | (Rifat-uz-Zaman and Khan, 2004) |
| Ethanolic extract | Gastric lesions induced by indomethacin | Reduced gastric secretion volume, pH, acid-output and ulcer index. | (Rifat-uz-Zaman and Khan, 2004) |
| ethanol ethyl acetate 51 fractions | Gastric lesions induced by indomethacin | Potential effect on pepsin activity, ulcer index and gastric secretion | (Rifat-uz-Zaman and Khan, 2004) |
| N. Sativa oil | Gastric mucosal injury induced by ischaemia reperfusion | Reduced LDH, LPX Increased GSH, SOD |
(El-Abhar et al., 2003) |
| N. Sativa oil | Alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury | Reduced in the ulcer index, MDA Promoted healing of gastric injury, SOD, GSH, GST. |
(Kanter et al., 2005b) |
| N. Sativa oil | Piroxicam induced gastric mucosal injury | Improved the structure of the mucosa Increased in mucus secretion | (Mohammed et al., 2010) |
| N. Sativa oil | Stress gastriculcer in hypothyroidal rats | Reduced in thyroid hormone level increased stress gastritis, and this effect can be inhibited by treatment with N. sativa oil | (Abdel Sater, 2009) |
| N. Sativa oil | Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)induced experimental colitis | Reduced the proinflammatory cytokines, lactate dehydrogenase, myeloperoxidase, triglyceride, cholesterol and increasd superoxide dismutase activity. | (Isik et al., 2011) |
| N. Sativa oil | Ethanol induced gastric lesions | Increased glutathione and antioxidant enzymes Reduced lipid peroxides and protein carbonyl content |
(El-Masry et al., 2010) |
| N. Sativa oil | Ethanol induced ulcer | Increased the gastric mucin, free acidity and glutathione level Reduced the gastric mucosal histamine content |
(El-Dakhakhny et al., 2000) |
| Thymoquinone | Acetic acid-induced colitis | Antioxidant activity | (Mahgoub, 2003) |
| Thymoquinone | Gastric mucosal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury | Inhibited proton pump, acid secretion and neutrophil infiltration Increased mucin secretion, and nitric oxide production |
(Magdy et al., 2012) |
| Thymoquinone | Chronic pancretitis induced by high fat diet and ethanol | Reduced the secretion of amylase and lipase from pancreas, inflammatory cytokine and lipid peroxidation | (Suguna et al., 2013) |