Table 3.
Differences in health worker views on the NHIS in treatment and control facilities
| Baseline (2012) | Follow-up (2014) | Diff-in-Diff | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Treated | Diff(BL) | Control | Treated | Diff(FU) | |||
| Factor-analyzed variablesa | bObs | Mean(SE) | Mean(SE) | Mean(SE) | Mean(SE) | Mean(SE) | Mean(SE) | Mean(SE) |
| Perspectives on NHIS | ||||||||
| Feedback channels and stakeholder engagement | 415 | 1.80 (0.19) | 1.77(0.21) | −0.04(0.10) | 1.70(0.20) | 1.70(0.20) | 0.00(0.10) | 0.04(0.13) |
| Information provision, adequacy, accessibility | 75 | 2.10(0.41) | 1.81(0.44) | −0.24(0.18) | 1.79(0.460 | 1.91(0.45) | 0.11(0.22) | 0.35(0.24) |
| Availability and quality of drugs covered by NHIS | 429 | 2.64(0.21) | 2.51(0.23) | −0.13(0.10) | 2.51(0.20) | 2.71(0.20) | 0.20(0.09)** | 0.33(0.14)** |
| Reimbursements and benefits package | 200 | 1.55(0.22) | 1.49(0.21) | −0.06(0.07) | 1.55(0.22) | 1.49(0.21) | −0.06(0.07) | 0.00(0.00) |
| Trustworthiness and complaint handling | 412 | 2.30(0.19) | 2.25(0.22) | −0.05(0.09) | 2.31(0.21) | 2.40(0.21) | 0.09(0.090) | 0.14(0.11) |
| Overall perception score | 40 | 2.37(0.55) | 2.30(0.58) | −0.07(0.17) | 2.37(0.58) | 2.30(0.58) | −0.07(0.17) | 0.00(0.00) |
| NHIS impact on quality care | ||||||||
| Workload and impact on health resources | 421 | 1.82(0.21) | 2.01(0.21) | 0.19(0.08)** | 1.67(0.23) | 1.79(0.22) | 0.12(0.07)* | −0.07(0.10) |
| Client waiting time and queuing system | 425 | 0.95(0.11) | 0.97(0.11) | 0.02(0.05) | 0.91(0.10) | 0.97(0.10) | 0.06(0.07) | 0.05(0.10) |
| Quality of time spent per client | 419 | 1.30(0.24) | 1.39(0.28) | 0.09(0.09) | 1.25(0.25) | 1.29(0.24) | 0.05(0.06) | −0.05(0.12) |
| Overall perceived impact | 419 | 1.53(0.13) | 1.65(0.14) | 0.13(0.06)** | 1.42(0.13) | 1.51(0.13) | 0.09(0.05)* | −0.04(0.08) |
Source: WOTRO-COHEiSION Ghana Project (2014); Diff.-in-diff estimates*p < 0.1; **p < 0.05. Note: Means and SE are bootstrapped and estimated by linear regression & all mean and SE values rounded up to the nearest decimal
Legend: SE Standard Error, FU Follow-up survey, BL Baseline survey
aMotivation factors have been factor-analyzed
bObservations are the pooled responses of staff at baseline and follow-up