Table 1. Default and calibration parameter values.
Dimension | Default values |
Calibration parameter | Reference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | ||||||
Concentration of TMVs† in raw wastewater; calibration WWTP‡ 2 and 3 | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Mean | N/L§ | enterovirus | 1 | 102 | 103 | 103 | WHO (2011) | |
norovirus | 103 | 105 | 106 | – | Katayama et al. (2008) | |||
Campylobacter | 102 | 104 | 106 | – | WHO (2011) | |||
Cryptosporidium | 1 | 102 | 104 | – | ||||
Escherichia coli | 106 | 108 | 1010 | 5.4 × 107 | ||||
HF183 | 108 | 109 | 1010 | (2.2, 1.4) × 109 | this paper | |||
95% | ×mean | all TMVs | 1 | 2 | 5 | – | ||
N/L | enterovirus | 2.8 × 103 | ||||||
E. coli | (9.8, 11) × 107 | |||||||
HF183 | (5.8, 3.5) × 109 | |||||||
Concentration of TMVs in storm water overflow, multiplication factor of TMV concentration in raw wastewater | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Mean and 95% | – | 0.1 | 1 | 10 | ||||
2010 | 1.4 | |||||||
2011 | 0.2 | |||||||
2012 | 0.2 | |||||||
2013 | 0.1 | |||||||
Log removal by wastewater treatment | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Mean | Log10 | enterovirus | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1.2 | Lodder and de Roda Husman (2005) | |
norovirus | 0 | 1 | 2 | – | ||||
Campylobacter | 0 | 2 | 4 | – | Hoogenboezem et al. (2001) | |||
Cryptosporidium | 0 | 1 | 2 | – | ||||
E. coli | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2.4, 2.2 | ||||
HF183 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2.8, 2.2 | this paper | |||
95% | ×mean | all TMVs | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1 | – | ||
Log10 | enterovirus | 0.4 | ||||||
E. coli | 1.4, 1.8 | |||||||
HF183 | 1.9, 1.4 | |||||||
Characteristics of wastewater treatment plants WWTP1–5 | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Upstream distance | km | 10 | 50 | 200 | 13, 17, 35, 70, 186 | |||
Discharge | m3 s-1 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 2.2 | Schijven et al. (2005) | ||
Overflow | N yr-1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 5 | |||
Mixing degree | – | 2010 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 | ||
2011 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 | ||||
2012 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 | ||||
2013 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.17, 0.21, 0.28, 0.33, 0.49 | ||||
Fecal droppings of boar/red deer | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Mean weight | g | boar | 5 | 10 | 15 | – | Schmidt et al. (2004) | |
red deer | 5 | 15 | 25 | – | von Oheimb et al. (2005) | |||
95% of weight | ×mean | 1 | 2 | 5 | – | |||
Number | per day per | boar | 2 | 5 | 10 | – | Schmidt et al. (2004) | |
animal | red deer | 5 | 15 | 30 | – | von Oheimb et al. (2005) | ||
Mean TMV concentrations | N g-1 | Campylobacter | 102 | 104 | 105 | – | Ogden et al. (2009) | |
Cryptosporidium | 106 | 107 | 108 | – | ||||
E. coli | 106 | 107 | 108 | – | ||||
95% | ×mean | All TMV | 1 | 2 | 5 | – | ||
Prevalence | – | Campylobacter | 0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | – | Ogden et al. (2009) | |
Cryptosporidium | 0 | 0.01 | 0.1 | – | ||||
Fecal droppings of birds | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Mean weight | G | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | – | Hahn et al. (2007) | ||
95% of weight | ×mean | 1 | 2 | 5 | – | |||
Number | per day per bird | 20 | 50 | 100 | – | Hahn et al. (2007) | ||
Mean TMV concentrations | N g-1 | Campylobacter | 102 | 104 | 105 | – | Ogden et al. (2009) | |
Cryptosporidium | 106 | 107 | 108 | – | ||||
E. coli | 106 | 107 | 108 | – | ||||
95% | ×mean | all TMV | 1 | 2 | 5 | – | ||
Prevalence | – | Campylobacter | 0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | – | Fallacara et al. (2001) | |
Cryptosporidium | 0 | 0.01 | 0.1 | – | ||||
Fecal droppings of humans | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Weight | g | mean | 100 | 150 | 200 | – | Encyclopedia Brittanica, 2015 | |
×mean | 95% | 1 | 2 | 5 | – | |||
Probability | – | 0 | 0.001 | 0.01 | – | |||
Mean TMV concentrations | N g-1 | enterovirus | 105 | 108 | 109 | – | Melnick and Rennick (1980) | |
norovirus | 105 | 108 | 109 | – | Atmar et al. (2008) | |||
Campylobacter | 105 | 106 | 107 | – | WHO (2011) | |||
Cryptosporidium | 105 | 108 | 109 | – | RIVM/LCI (2012), Gerba, (2000) | |||
E. coli | 106 | 107 | 108 | – | ||||
HF183 | 106 | 107 | 108 | – | ||||
95% | ×mean | all TMVs | 1 | 2 | 5 | – | ||
Prevalence | – | enterovirus | 0 | 0.01 | 0.1 | – | ||
norovirus | 0 | 0.01 | 0.1 | – | Glass et al. (2009) | |||
Campylobacter | 0 | 0.001 | 0.01 | – | Kemmeren et al. (2006) | |||
Cryptosporidium | 0 | 0.001 | 0.01 | – | RIVM/LCI (2012) | |||
Main river | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Discharge, Qmr | m3 s-1 | data from spreadsheet or monthly mean values | ||||||
ARMA(1,1)¶ | a | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | – | |||
b | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | – | ||||
v | 5 × 104 | 105 | 2 × 105 | – | ||||
Width | m | 200 | 250 | 300 | 250 | Viadonau (1997) | ||
Depth | m | 2 | 4 | 8 | 4 | Viadonau (1997) | ||
Floodplain river | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Discharge from main river | m3 s-1 | threshold | 1000 | 2000 | 3000 | – | ||
– | fraction of Qmr | – | 0.01 | – | – | |||
Groundwater recharge | m3 s-1 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 1 | – | |||
Length | km | 5 | 10 | 20 | – | |||
Width | m | 5 | 10 | 20 | – | |||
Depth | m | 1 | 2 | 5 | – | |||
Main river and floodplain river | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Manning coefficient | – | 0.05 for sand and 0.1 for gravel | 0.024 | Manning (1891), MA45 (2014) | ||||
River bed slope | m m-1 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.0005 | Viadonau (1997) | ||
Water temperature | °C | from 1–22, triangular or data from spreadsheet | data from spreadsheet | |||||
Floodplain | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Precipitation | mm d-1 | data from spreadsheet or generated | ||||||
Precipitation rate | 1 d-1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | – | |||
Precipitation depth | mm | 1 | 2 | 3 | – | |||
Maximum month | month | 1 | 6 | 12 | – | |||
Floodplain angle | degrees | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | – | |||
Floodplain area | km2 | 20 | 50 | 100 | – | |||
Release from fecal deposits | 1 d-1 | 0 | 0.1 | 1 | – | |||
Evaporation | – | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | – | |||
Runoff | – | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | – |
Target microorganism and virus.
Wastewater treatment plant.
Numbers per liter.
Autoregressive moving average.