. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr. 2016 Mar 5;173:175–182.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.018

Table 2.

Relationships between population-level census tract predictors and asthma utilization rates

Census tract predictor	Unadjusted parameter estimate (SE)	P-value^‡	Adjusted parameter estimate for violent crime rate model (SE)	P-value^‡	Adjusted parameter estimate for all crime rate model (SE)	P-value^‡
Violent crime rate quartiles (per 1,000 individuals)^*	8.5 (1.2)	<.0001	6.5 (2.0)	.002	–	–
All crime rate quartiles (per 1,000 individuals)^*	7.6 (1.2)	<.0001	–	–	4.5 (1.8)	.02
Poverty rate quartiles (%)^**	6.2 (1.3)	<.0001	−2.0 (1.9)	.3	−1.5 (2.0)	.5
Unemployment rate quartiles (%)^**	7.4 (1.2)	<.0001	2.5 (1.8)	.2	3.6 (1.8)	<.05
Housing code violation density quartiles (per 1,000 units)^†	7.2 (1.2)	<.0001	2.2 (1.9)	.2	2.9 (1.9)	.1
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution quartiles^††	0.7 (1.4)	.6	−.1 (1.2)	.9	−.3 (1.2)	.8

Data obtained and calculated from 2011–2013 Cincinnati Police Department for the 104 included census tracts

^**

Data obtained from 2009–2013 American Community survey for the 104 included census tracts

^†

Data obtained and calculated from 2008–2012 Cincinnati Area Geographic Information System for the 104 included census tracts

^††

Data obtained from validated land-use regression model

^‡

P-values obtained using linear regression; adjusted models included all shown variables. Violent and all crime rates were not entered into the same adjusted model.