Table 2.
Investigated covariates in 268 subjects with obstructive lung disease as predictors for 9-year all-cause hospitalization using univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis
| Variable | No. of hospitalizations | No. at risk | HR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 225 | 268 | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.258 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 94 | 114 | 1.00 | |
| Male | 131 | 154 | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) | 0.708 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 124 | 149 | 1.00 | |
| Black | 101 | 119 | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 0.214 |
| Site | ||||
| Memphis | 112 | 137 | 1.00 | |
| Pittsburgh | 113 | 131 | 1.38 (1.06–1.79) | 0.012 |
| Previous all-cause hospitalization | ||||
| No | 193 | 232 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 31 | 35 | 1.58 (1.08–2.31) | 0.048 |
| FEV1 %pred | ||||
| Mild | 38 | 47 | 1.00 | |
| Moderate | 125 | 149 | 1.29 (0.89–1.85) | 0.142 |
| Severe | 62 | 72 | 1.56 (1.04–2.34) | 0.037 |
| Dyspnea | ||||
| None | 107 | 133 | 1.00 | |
| Mild | 99 | 103 | 1.20 (0.90–1.59) | 0.238 |
| Moderate | 25 | 27 | 2.49 (1.60–3.86) | 0.004 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Exercisers | 34 | 43 | 1.00 | |
| Lifestyle active | 123 | 151 | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) | 0.914 |
| Inactive | 68 | 74 | 1.63 (1.08–2.47) | 0.020 |
| Tobacco exposure | ||||
| Never | 32 | 46 | 1.00 | |
| Ever | 193 | 222 | 1.69 (1.16–2.47) | 0.019 |
| Quadriceps strength | 198 | 236 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.154 |
| Grip strength | 223 | 265 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.216 |
| SPPB | ||||
| ≥10 | 147 | 180 | 1.00 | |
| <10 | 75 | 84 | 1.78 (1.34–2.35) | 0.001 |
| BMI | ||||
| ≤20.0 kg/m2 | 21 | 24 | 1.21 (0.75–1.94) | 0.377 |
| 20.0–24.9 kg/m2 | 99 | 115 | 1.00 | |
| 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 67 | 85 | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | 0.479 |
| ≥30.0 kg/m2 | 38 | 44 | 1.07 (0.74–1.55) | 0.704 |
| FFMI | 222 | 265 | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.904 |
| CRP | ||||
| <5.0 μg/ml | 186 | 224 | 1.00 | |
| ≥5.0 μg/ml | 35 | 38 | 1.70 (1.18–2.44) | 0.010 |
| Heart and vascular disease | ||||
| No | 153 | 189 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 67 | 73 | 1.86 (1.39–2.48) | 0.002 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||
| No | 171 | 209 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 50 | 54 | 1.49 (1.08–2.04) | 0.013 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 196 | 236 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 28 | 31 | 1.27 (0.85–1.88) | 0.263 |
| Cancer | ||||
| No | 191 | 222 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 34 | 46 | 0.86 (0.59–1.23) | 0.441 |
| Cognitive impairment | ||||
| No | 196 | 232 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 29 | 35 | 1.13 (0.76–1.67) | 0.546 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CI, confidence interval; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FFMI, fat free mass index; HR, hazard ratio; SPPB, short physical performance battery.