Table 2.
Univariable linear regression analysis with quality of life measured by CCQ as dependent variable and demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidity, and patient-reported variables as independent variables, unadjusted and adjusted for stage of COPD
| Total sample (n=7,810) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for stage of COPD | |||
| β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (10 years interval) | 0.059 (0.025, 0.094) | 0.001 | 0.030 (−0.003, 0.063) | 0.074 |
| Gender (1=men, 2=women) | 0.009 (−0.055, 0.073) | 0.783 | 0.004 (−0.057, 0.065) | 0.885 |
| Marital status (1=living alone, 2=co-habiting) | −0.159 (−0.219, −0.099) | <0.001 | −0.092 (−0.149, 0.035) | 0.002 |
| Clinical variables | ||||
| FEV1% of predicted value | −0.015 (−0.017, −0.014) | <0.001 | −0.004 (−0.006, 0.002) | <0.001 |
| Exacerbations during the past 12 months | 0.241 (0.220, 0.263) | <0.001 | 0.189 (0.167, 0.210) | <0.001 |
| Hospital admissions the past 12 months | 0.309 (0.269, 0.348) | <0.001 | 0.224 (0.183, 0.264) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 0.001 (−0.005, 0.007) | 0.709 | 0.012 (0.006, 0.018) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Heart failure | 0.591 (0.485, 0.696) | <0.001 | 0.503 (0.401, 0.605) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.276 (0.188, 0.363) | <0.001 | 0.251 (0.167, 0.334) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 0.171 (0.025, 0.316) | 0.022 | 0.122 (−0.021, 0.264) | 0.094 |
| Hypertension | 0.027 (−0.038, 0.093) | 0.417 | 0.006 (−0.057, 0.068) | 0.854 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.277 (0.159, 0.396) | <0.001 | 0.278 (0.164, 0.392) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 0.137 (0.037, 0.236) | 0.007 | 0.155 (0.060, 0.249) | 0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.410 (0.305, 0.515) | <0.001 | 0.250 (0.148, 0.352) | <0.001 |
| Depression/anxiety | 0.558 (0.472, 0.643) | <0.001 | 0.552 (0.440, 0.604) | <0.001 |
| Lung cancer | 0.185 (−0.166, 0.536) | 0.301 | 0.025 (−0.312, 0.361) | 0.886 |
| Alfa-1-antitrypsin deficiency | 0.426 (0.047, 0.804) | 0.028 | 0.348 (−0.024, 0.719) | 0.066 |
| Patient-reported variables | ||||
| Smoking, 0=non-smoker, 1=have quit smoking, 2=still smoking | −0.014 (−0.075, 0.046) | 0.641 | 0.055 (−0.002, 0.113) | 0.060 |
| Exercise capacity, days per week | −0.119 (−0.130, −0.107) | <0.001 | −0.101 (−0.112, −0.090) | <0.001 |
| Functional dyspnoea (MRC) | 0.628 (0.609, 0.647) | <0.001 | 0.558 (0.567, 0.610) | <0.001 |