Table 3. Risk of heart failure hospitalization in chronic kidney disease patients stratified by total number of vaccinations during influenza and non-influenza season.
Total number of vaccinations | p value | ||||
Unvaccinated | 1 | 2-3 | ≥ 4 | ||
Adjusted HR* (95% CI) | Adjusted HR* (95% CI) | Adjusted HR* (95% CI) | Adjusted HR* (95% CI) | ||
Whole cohort | |||||
Influenza season | 1 | 0.62 (0.44, 0.87)† | 0.36 (0.25, 0.52)# | 0.12 (0.07, 0.22)# | < 0.001 |
Non-influenza season | 1 | 0.58 (0.40, 0.84)† | 0.26 (0.17, 0.41)# | 0.07 (0.04, 0.16)# | < 0.001 |
All season | 1 | 0.60 (0.47, 0.77)# | 0.31 (0.23, 0.41)# | 0.10 (0.06, 0.16)# | < 0.001 |
Age, 55-64 (years) | |||||
Influenza season | 1 | 0.53 (0.23, 1.25) | 0.35 (0.16, 0.79)‡ | 0.006 | |
Non-influenza season | 1 | 0.56 (0.24, 1.33) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.41)# | < 0.001 | |
All season | 1 | 0.55 (0.30, 1.00) | 0.22 (0.11, 0.45)# | < 0.001 | |
Age, 65-74 (years) | |||||
Influenza season | 1 | 0.65 (0.38, 1.11) | 0.23 (0.12, 0.44)# | 0.12 (0.06, 0.25)# | < 0.001 |
Non-influenza season | 1 | 0.72 (0.41, 1.28) | 0.31 (0.16, 0.57)# | 0.04 (0.01, 0.15)# | < 0.001 |
All season | 1 | 0.68 (0.46, 1.01) | 0.27 (0.17, 0.41)# | 0.08 (0.04, 0.16)# | < 0.001 |
Age, ≥ 75 (years) | |||||
Influenza season | 1 | 0.52 (0.31, 0.89)‡ | 0.36 (0.21, 0.62)# | 0.08 (0.03, 0.26)# | < 0.001 |
Non-influenza season | 1 | 0.43 (0.24, 0.80)† | 0.20 (0.09, 0.41)# | 0.16 (0.06, 0.41)# | < 0.001 |
All season | 1 | 0.48 (0.32, 0.72)# | 0.28 (0.18, 0.44)# | 0.12 (0.06, 0.24)# | < 0.001 |
Female | |||||
Influenza season | 1 | 0.41 (0.23, 0.72)† | 0.28 (0.16, 0.49)# | 0.13 (0.06, 0.30)# | < 0.001 |
Non-influenza season | 1 | 0.55 (0.31, 0.99)‡ | 0.24 (0.12, 0.48)# | 0.09 (0.03, 0.28)# | < 0.001 |
All season | 1 | 0.47 (0.31, 0.70)# | 0.26 (0.17, 0.40)# | 0.11 (0.06, 0.22)# | < 0.001 |
Male | |||||
Influenza season | 1 | 0.83 (0.53, 1.30) | 0.44 (0.27, 0.72)# | 0.11 (0.05, 0.25)# | < 0.001 |
Non-influenza season | 1 | 0.62 (0.38, 1.01) | 0.29 (0.16, 0.51)# | 0.07 (0.03, 0.20)# | < 0.001 |
All season | 1 | 0.72 (0.52, 1.01) | 0.36 (0.25, 0.53)# | 0.09 (0.05, 0.17)# | < 0.001 |
CKD without dialysis | |||||
Influenza season | 1 | 0.58 (0.39, 0.85)† | 0.32 (0.21, 0.49)# | 0.10 (0.05, 0.19)# | < 0.001 |
Non-influenza season | 1 | 0.57 (0.37, 0.86)† | 0.20 (0.12, 0.35)# | 0.07 (0.03, 0.16)# | < 0.001 |
All season | 1 | 0.57 (0.43, 0.76)# | 0.27 (0.19, 0.37)# | 0.09 (0.05, 0.15)# | < 0.001 |
CKD with dialysis | |||||
Influenza season | 1 | 0.73 (0.35, 1.53) | 0.54 (0.25, 1.16) | 0.33 (0.10, 1.11) | 0.03 |
Non-influenza season | 1 | 0.54 (0.23, 1.28) | 0.48 (0.21, 1.10) | 0.10 (0.01, 0.77)‡ | 0.005 |
All season | 1 | 0.64 (0.37, 1.13) | 0.51 (0.29, 0.90)‡ | 0.21 (0.08, 0.60)† | < 0.001 |
CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio.
* Adjusted HR was based on Cox proportional regression with adjustment for age, gender, comorbidity condition, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, dialysis, arrhythmia, anemia, pneumonia, monthly income, level of urbanization, and geographic region in propensity score. # p < 0.001. † p < 0.01. ‡ p < 0.05.