Table 2.
Impact of gender on various demographic factors, medication usage, and motor- and nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
| Gender | p value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 361) | Female (m = 260) | |||||
| Mean or count | SD or percentage | Mean or count | SD or percentage | |||
| Demographic | Age at PD onset (years) | 59.0 | 11.9 | 60.0 | 11.0 | 0.265 |
| Disease duration (years) | 7.7 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 0.736 | |
| Education (years) | 12.8 | 3.1 | 11.5 | 3.4 | 0.112 | |
|
| ||||||
| Medication | Levodopa dosage (LED in mg) | 551.4 | 413.3 | 423.6 | 386.3 | <0.001 |
| Dopamine agonist dosage (LED in mg) | 174.4 | 230.8 | 160.6 | 224.4 | 0.455 | |
| Anti-Parkinson's medication (LED in mg) | 725.8 | 594.8 | 584.7 | 424.5 | 0.001 | |
|
| ||||||
| MDS-UPDRS | MDS-UPDRS nM-EDL | 13.8 | 7.5 | 15.1 | 7.9 | 0.034 |
| MDS-UPDRS M-EDL | 15.4 | 9.2 | 14.9 | 9.2 | 0.536 | |
| MDS-UPDRS 2.12 Walking | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.009 ∗ | |
| MDS-UPDRS ME | 37.9 | 17.4 | 37.5 | 17.8 | 0.801 | |
| MDS-UPDRS ME axial score | 6.0 | 3.8 | 6.3 | 4.1 | 0.131 | |
| MDS-UPDRS 3.12 Postural instability | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.001 ∗ | |
| MDS-UPDRS MC | 4.7 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 0.752 | |
| MDS-UPDRS Total score | 71.9 | 31.2 | 72.2 | 33.3 | 0.901 | |
|
| ||||||
| UDysRS | UDysRS Part1 ON Dyskinesia | 12.6 | 9.3 | 15.5 | 9.3 | 0.004 |
| UDysRS Part2 OFF Dyskinesia | 6.5 | 4.6 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 0.605 | |
| UDysRS Part3 Impairment | 6.4 | 5.2 | 7.9 | 5.6 | 0.008 | |
| UDysRS Part4 Disability | 4.3 | 3.3 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 0.033 | |
| UDysRS Historic subscore | 19.2 | 11.0 | 22.4 | 11.7 | 0.010 | |
| UDysRS Objective subscore | 10.7 | 8.2 | 13.0 | 8.6 | 0.011 | |
| UDysRS Total score | 30.1 | 17.4 | 35.5 | 18.6 | 0.006 | |
|
| ||||||
| Patient diary | ON without dyskinesia (hours) | 8.9 | 6.2 | 8.9 | 6.3 | 0.897 |
| ON with slight Dyskinesia (hours) | 2.0 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 0.130 | |
| ON with severe dyskinesia (hours) | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.911 | |
| OFF time (hours) | 4.2 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 0.212 | |
| Awake time (hours) | 15.4 | 2.2 | 15.5 | 2.1 | 0.931 | |
| Daytime sleep time (hours) | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.005 | |
| Nighttime sleeping time (hours) | 7.8 | 1.8 | 8.1 | 1.9 | 0.171 | |
|
| ||||||
| Sleep | Presence of sleep problems | 229 | 63.4% | 189 | 72.7% | 0.034 |
| PDSS-2 Total score | 16.3 | 11.2 | 18.3 | 11.1 | 0.027 | |
| Presence of daytime sleepiness | 142 | 39.3% | 70 | 26.9% | 0.001 | |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale | 7.8 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 4.4 | 0.000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Affective | Presence of affective problems | 276 | 76.5% | 221 | 85.0% | 0.036 |
| MADRS Total score | 11.8 | 8.0 | 14.2 | 7.6 | 0.003 | |
| HAM-A Total score | 12.5 | 6.0 | 16.0 | 6.9 | 0.001 | |
|
| ||||||
| Neurocognitive | ACE Total score | 82.1 | 11.0 | 81.1 | 11.4 | 0.368 |
| MMSE Total score | 27.3 | 2.8 | 27.3 | 2.9 | 0.911 | |
| MoCA Total score | 23.6 | 3.9 | 23.6 | 4.3 | 0.984 | |
| MDRS Total score | 133.3 | 16.2 | 132.2 | 21.5 | 0.587 | |
| Mild neurocognitive disorder | 78 | 21.6% | 49 | 18.8% | 0.230 | |
| Major neurocognitive disorder | 47 | 13.0% | 33 | 12.7 | 0.503 | |
| LARS total score | −20.4 | 10.8 | −22.8 | 8.9 | 0.004 | |
|
| ||||||
| NMSS | NMSS cardiovascular | 2.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 0.004 |
| NMSS sleep problems | 13.0 | 9.6 | 14.3 | 9.9 | 0.108 | |
| NMSS mood problems | 12.4 | 14.3 | 15.3 | 12.3 | 0.016 | |
| NMSS hallucinations | 1.5 | 4.1 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 0.976 | |
| NMSS memory problems | 6.2 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 0.686 | |
| NMSS gastrointestinal problems | 4.9 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 0.179 | |
| NMSS urinary problems | 10.0 | 9.1 | 11.2 | 10.2 | 0.130 | |
| NMSS sexual problems | 2.9 | 5.8 | 1.8 | 5.2 | 0.022 | |
| NMSS miscellaneous problems | 3.8 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 0.000 | |
| NMSS total score | 57.4 | 41.2 | 64.1 | 41.1 | 0.045 | |
|
| ||||||
| Health-related quality of life | EQ-5D VAS | 64.8 | 20.1 | 62.4 | 20.1 | 0.135 |
| EQ-5D index value | 0.663 | 0.229 | 0.620 | 0.240 | 0.026 | |
| PDQ-39 mobility | 31.0 | 27.9 | 39.6 | 27.7 | 0.000 | |
| PDQ-39 ADL | 29.3 | 25.0 | 26.8 | 24.8 | 0.221 | |
| PDQ-39 emotional well being | 25.0 | 20.7 | 34.9 | 24.9 | 0.000 | |
| PDQ-39 stigma | 23.2 | 24.5 | 25.1 | 27.3 | 0.370 | |
| PDQ-39 social support | 11.0 | 15.4 | 13.8 | 16.8 | 0.038 | |
| PDQ-39 cognition | 21.5 | 19.3 | 21.0 | 16.9 | 0.751 | |
| PDQ-39 communication | 20.1 | 20.6 | 16.4 | 18.7 | 0.022 | |
| PDQ-39 bodily discomfort | 27.3 | 20.9 | 39.2 | 24.8 | 0.000 | |
| PDQ-39 summary index | 23.5 | 15.9 | 27.1 | 17.0 | 0.010 | |
| SES total score | 75.0 | 16.2 | 74.1 | 19.4 | 0.636 | |
For statistical analysis unpaired t-test was applied. In cases of items marked with ∗additionally Mann-Whitney test was also applied and yielded statistically significant differences.
Abbreviations: ACE = Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; EQ-5D = EuroQol Instrument 5 layer version; EQ-5D VAS = EuroQol Instrument Visual Analogue Scale; ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Scale; LARS = Lille Apathy Rating Scale; LED = levodopa-equivalent dosage; MADRS = Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MDRS = Mattis Dementia Rating Scale; MDS-UPDRS = The Movement Disorder Society-sponsored Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; MDS-UPDRS MC = Motor Complication part of MDS-UPDRS; MDS-UPDRS ME = Motor Examination part of MDS-UPDRS; M-EDL MDS-UPDRS = Motor-Experiences of Daily Living part of MDS-UPDRS; MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; nM-EDL MDS-UPDRS = Non-Motor-Experiences of Daily Living part of MDS-UPDRS; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NMSS = Non-motor Symptoms Scale; PAS = Parkinson's Disease Anxiety Scale; PDQ-39 = Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire; PDSS-2 = Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale 2nd version; UDysRS = Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale.