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Metformin attenuated HG and H/R injury by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine expression in cardiac cells. H9C2 cells were treated as described in Figure 3. (a)–(c) Expressions of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6 mRNA level were measured by real-time PCR. GAPDH was used as the housekeeping gene. Data are shown as means ± SD of 3 independent experiments. ∗ P < 0.05 versus control; # P < 0.05 versus HG + H/R; & P < 0.05 versus metformin + HG + H/R.
