Table 1. Subject characteristics and mixed-design two-way ANOVA of bicycling (cyclists vs non-cyclists) and the presence of ML (non-ML vs ML).
| Variables | Non-ML cyclists |
ML cyclists |
Non-ML non-cyclists |
ML non-cyclists |
P-value of ANOVA | ||
| (n = 325) | (n = 74) | (n = 166) | (n = 49) | Bicycling | ML | Interaction | |
| Female, n (%) | 170 (52.3) | 46 (62.2) | 83 (50.0) | 35 (71.4) | 0.024b | ||
| Age, years | 71.7 (5.1) | 74.6 (5.2) | 73.9 (5.3) | 77.1 (5.6) | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 0.794 |
| Functional capacity: IADL | 4.99 (0.11) | 4.95 (0.23) | 4.95 (0.24) | 4.76 (0.62) | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Functional capacity: Intellectual activity | 3.82 (0.45) | 3.65 (0.63) | 3.77 (0.53) | 3.71 (0.58) | 0.872 | 0.032 | 0.274 |
| Functional capacity: Social function | 3.71 (0.61) | 3.45 (1.03) | 3.56 (0.70) | 3.06 (1.13) | 0.005 | P < 0.001 | 0.356 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.7 (2.8) | 23.6 (3.8) | 22.7 (3.41) | 23.4 (3.6) | 0.789 | 0.012 | 0.745 |
| MMSE | 28.5 (1.8) | 28.2 (1.7) | 28.3 (2.1) | 27.6 (2.1) | 0.034 | 0.013 | 0.230 |
| SDS | 29.2 (5.5) | 32.2 (8.2) | 31.4 (8.0) | 35.6 (9.3) | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 0.405 |
| Grip strength, kg | 30.7 (8.0) | 27.1 (7.2) | 29.2 (8.2) | 23.8 (5.9) | 0.004 | P < 0.001 | 0.259 |
| Comfortable gait speed, m/min | 44.9 (6.1) | 40.2 (6.0) | 43.1 (5.9) | 34.8 (7.1) | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Timed Up & Go test, sec | 5.3 (0.9) | 6.2 (1.2) | 5.7 (0.9) | 7.9 (2.3) | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| One-leg standing test, sec | 48.5 (19.1) | 32.4 (23.5) | 41.9 (22.2) | 19.9 (19.2) | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 0.166 |
| Leg extension strength, N | 314.9 (93.0) | 274.7 (84.3) | 293.2 (96.4) | 232.2 (77.6) | 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 0.276 |
| Low frequency of going outdoorsa, n (%) | 35 (10.8) | 11 (14.9) | 23 (13.9) | 10 (20.4) | 0.244b | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 131 (40.3) | 38 (51.4) | 64 (38.6) | 33 (67.3) | 0.001b | ||
| Cerebrovascular disorder, n (%) | 18 (5.5) | 4 (5.4) | 12 (7.2) | 6 (12.2) | 0.329b | ||
| Cardiac disease, n (%) | 42 (12.9) | 12 (16.2) | 27 (16.3) | 7 (14.3) | 0.742b | ||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 38 (11.7) | 14 (18.9) | 21 (12.7) | 10 (20.4) | 0.182b | ||
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 30 (9.2) | 9 (12.2) | 16 (9.6) | 13 (26.5) | 0.004b | ||
| Knee osteoarthritis, n (%) | 24 (7.4) | 9 (12.2) | 11 (6.6) | 12 (24.5) | 0.001b | ||
| Bicycle-related Fall experience within a year, n (%) | 21 (6.5) | 15 (20.3) | P < 0.001b | ||||
Variables are reported as mean (standard deviation), unless otherwise noted.
BMI, body mass index; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; ML, mobility limitation; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; SDS, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.
aOlder adults who went out once every 2–3 days or less.
bResults of the χ2 test.