Table 3. Clinical definition of complications.

Complications	Clinical definition
Pyrexia	Oral temperature higher than 38.5°C.
Infection
Bacteremia	7 day blood-cultures positive.
Wound infection	Surgical site suppuration and the bacterial cultures of purulent exudate positive.
Pneumonia	A typical pulmonary infiltrate can be seen on a chest X-ray and/or the swab culture is positive.
Urinary tract infection	There are obvious symptoms including frequent micturition, urgency to urinate, and urodynia, accompanied by bacteriuria (100,000 cfu/mL).
Anastomotic leakage	Presence of any of the following clinical signs: fecal discharge from the wound or drain, circumscribed abcess near the site of anastomosis, or fecal peritonitis confirmed by CT.
Bowel dysfunction
Diarrhea	There is a symptom of having loose or liquid feces more than 3 times a day.
Abdominal distension	There is a sense of abdominal pressure or fullness.
Mortality	The occurrence of death during hospitalization

Abbreviation: cfu, colony-forming unit; CT, computed tomography.