Table 5:

Results of Invariance Test on the Short Employment Hope Scale

Model (Sample)	χ2 (df)	RMSEA (90% CI)	NNFI
Configural invariance: model 1	644.750 (146)	.064 (.059–.069)	.938	Accepted
	Δχ2 (Δdf)	ΔRMSEA	ΔNNFI
Full metric invariance: model 1 vs. model 2	22.113 (10)*	−.002	.003	Accepted
Full scalar invariance: model 2 vs. model 3	149.657(14)**	.005	−.001	Rejected
Partial scalar invariance: model 2 vs. model 4	54.675 (10)**	.000	.000	Accepted
Full factor variance invariance: model 4 vs. model 5	23.648 (4)**	.002	−.004	Rejected
Partial factor variance invariance: model 5 vs. model 6	3.336 (3)	.001	−.002	Accepted
Full factor covariance invariance: model 5 vs. model 7	12.85 (6)*	−.001	.002	Accepted

Notes: RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; CI = confidence interval; CFI = comparative fit index; NNFI = non-normed fit index.

^*p = .05. **p = .01.