Table 2.
Healthcare utilization, HNR study, Germany*
| Full sample | Normal fasting glycemia | Impaired fasting glycemia | Previously undetected diabetes | Previously diagnosed diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=1709) | (N=951) | (N=403) | (N=105) | (N=250) | |
| Inpatient care per person and year (mean†, 95% CI‡) | |||||
| Mean number of hospitalizations | 0.32 (0.29 to 0.37) | 0.29 (0.25 to 0.34) | 0.30 (0.24 to 0.38) | 0.51 (0.24 to 1.33) | 0.42 (0.33 to 0.55) |
| Mean duration per hospitalization | 2.41 (2.09 to 2.81) | 2.12 (1.74 to 2.64) | 2.20 (1.65 to 3.00) | 2.62 (1.38 to 5.65) | 3.94 (2.86 to 5.54) |
| Outpatient care per person and year | |||||
| Number of quarters with at least one outpatient utilization %† (95% CI‡) | |||||
| 0 | 8.9 (7.6 to 10.4) | 9.8 (7.8 to 12.0) | 8.6 (6.1 to 11.9) | 9.5 (4.7 to 16.4) | 7.8 (4.9 to 12.2) |
| 1 | 4.3 (3.4 to 5.5) | 4.9 (3.6 to 6.5) | 4.0 (2.3 to 6.5) | 6.0 (2.3 to 12.5) | 1.6 (0.4 to 4.8) |
| 2 | 7.5 (6.3 to 8.9) | 8.0 (6.3 to 10.0) | 9.8 (7.2 to 13.3) | 5.7 (2.4 to 10.9) | 2.7 (1.0 to 5.8) |
| 3 | 13.3 (11.8 to 15.0) | 14.7 (12.6 to 17.3) | 14.9 (11.5 to 18.8) | 14.8 (8.5 to 22.7) | 3.2 (1.3 to 6.7) |
| 4 | 66.0 (63.7 to 68.2) | 62.6 (59.5 to 65.7) | 62.7 (57.8 to 67.4) | 64.1 (54.6 to 73.1) | 84.8 (79.2 to 89.3) |
| Mean number of outpatient contacts (multiple answers possible)† (95% CI‡) | 9.29 (8.99 to 9.60) | 8.99 (8.61 to 9.37) | 9.08 (8.49 to 9.77) | 8.40 (7.17 to 10.38) | 10.89 (9.97 to 11.86) |
| Outpatient contacts with EBM reimbursement (German compensation scheme) | 9.27 (8.97 to 9.57) | 8.97 (8.59 to 9.35) | 9.08 (8.48 to 9.77) | 8.38 (7.16 to 10.36) | 10.85 (9.93 to 11.81) |
| Outpatient contacts associated with costs for dialysis equipment | 0.008 (0.002 to 0.024) | 0.005 (0.000 to 0.026) | 0.026 (0.000 to 0.095) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Outpatient contacts with extrabudgetary services | 0.79 (0.72 to 0.87) | 0.76 (0.68 to 0.87) | 0.72 (0.58 to 0.88) | 0.62 (0.38 to 0.96) | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.36) |
| Other outpatient services | 4.42 (4.21 to 4.62) | 4.05 (3.81 to 4.31) | 4.26 (3.86 to 4.72) | 3.71 (2.92 to 5.19) | 6.10 (5.44 to 6.83) |
| Medication per person and year (mean†, 95% CI‡) | |||||
| Mean number of total drugs | 11.59 (11.02 to 12.20) | 9.83 (9.18 to 10.55) | 10.45 (9.53 to 11.56) | 12.01 (9.42 to 16.96) | 19.82 (17.90 to 22.11) |
| Mean number of cardiovascular drugs | 4.06 (3.80 to 4.34) | 3.22 (2.90 to 3.60) | 3.97 (3.49 to 4.53) | 4.83 (3.81 to 5.98) | 7.25 (6.38 to 8.31) |
| Mean number of total drugs without antihyperglycemic drugs (ATC A10) | 10.96 (10.41 to 11.52) | 9.83 (9.18 to 10.55) | 10.45 (9.53 to 11.56) | 12.01 (9.42 to 16.96) | 15.51 (13.89 to 17.50) |
*Study period: four complete quarters before the follow-up examination (ie, 1 year).
†Age-standardized and sex-standardized; standard: German population 31 December 2006 (http://www.destatis.de).
‡BCA-method using bootstrap procedure.
ATC, anatomical therapeutic chemical; EBM, einheitlicher bewertungsmaßstab; HNR, Heinz Nixdorf Recall study.