Table 4.
Multivariate CRs of healthcare costs—results of the two-part models
| Impaired vs normal fasting glycemia | Previously undetected diabetes vs normal fasting glycemia | Previously diagnosed diabetes vs normal fasting glycemia |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Inpatient care per person and year | |||
| Model 1 | 0.97 (0.69–1.36) | 1.31 (0.73–2.35) | 1.49* (1.05–2.11) |
| Model 2 | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 1.31 (0.73–2.36) | 1.45 (1.02–2.06) |
| Model 3 | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 1.07 (0.58–1.95) | 1.53* (1.06–2.22) |
| Model 4 | 0.87 (0.59–1.30) | 1.15 (0.57–2.35) | 1.41 (0.92–2.17) |
| Outpatient care per person and year | |||
| Model 1 | 1.14* (1.02–1.28) | 1.03 (0.85–1.26) | 1.29* (1.12–1.47) |
| Model 2 | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 1.07 (0.88–1.30) | 1.28* (1.12–1.47) |
| Model 3 | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) | 1.31* (1.14–1.52) |
| Model 4 | 1.05 (0.94–1.19) | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) | 1.37* (1.18–1.59) |
| Medication per person and year | |||
| Model 1 | 1.28* (1.09–1.51) | 1.01 (0.77–1.35) | 2.03* (1.68–2.45) |
| Model 2 | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | 0.83 (0.62–1.11) | 1.99* (1.63–2.42) |
| Model 3 | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) | 0.69* (0.52–0.93) | 1.72* (1.40–2.11) |
| Model 4 | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | 0.70* (0.51–0.95) | 1.52* (1.23–1.89) |
| Total direct healthcare per person and year | |||
| Model 1 | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | 1.16 (0.91–1.47) | 1.53* (1.30–1.80) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 1.51* (1.27–1.79) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | 1.49* (1.25–1.78) |
| Model 4 | 0.94 (0.80–1.09) | 1.01 (0.77–1.34) | 1.37* (1.13–1.66) |
*p<0.05.
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex (N=1709, thereof NNFG=951 (55.6%), NIFG=403 (23.6%), Nundetected diabetes=105 (6.1%), Ndiagnosed diabetes=250 (14.6%)).
Model 2: Model 1+additional adjustment for birth in a foreign country (baseline study), living with a partner, equivalent income (N=1589, thereof NNFG=877 (55.2%), NIFG=383 (24.1%), Nundetected diabetes=98 (6.2%), Ndiagnosed diabetes=231 (14.5%)).
Model 3: Model 2+additional adjustment for hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, BMI (N=1581, thereof NNFG=874 (55.3%), NIFG=381 (24.1%), Nundetected diabetes=97 (6.1%), Ndiagnosed diabetes=229 (14.5%)).
Model 4: Model 3+additional adjustment for total direct healthcare costs in the four complete quarters before the index year (N=1265, thereof NNFG=693 (54.8%), NIFG=311 (24.6%), Nundetected diabetes=76 (6.0%), Ndiagnosed diabetes=185 (14.6%)).
CRs, cost ratios; NGV, normal fasting glycemia; IFG, impaired fasting glycemia.