Table 3.

Multivariate predictors of baseline frailty, defining high baseline frailty as a frailty index of 0.20 or higher

	Unadjusted		Multivariate*
	Low baseline frailty	High baseline frailty	Low baseline frailty	High baseline frailty
60–69 year olds
Ever smokers	1.00 (ref)	1.64 (1.41 to 1.91)†	1.00 (ref)	1.75 (1.50 to 2.05)†
Ever felt the need to cut down on alcohol consumption	1.00 (ref)	1.70 (1.29 to 2.24)†	1.00 (ref)	1.80 (1.36 to 2.38)†
Relatives/friends worry or complain about your alcohol consumption	1.00 (ref)	2.44 (1.52 to 3.90)†	1.00 (ref)	2.60 (1.62 to 4.17)†
Education (vs 4-year college/postgraduate studies)
Less than high school	1.00 (ref)	5.11 (3.82 to 6.83)†	1.00 (ref)	4.98 (3.72 to 6.67)†
High school graduate or GED/some college	1.00 (ref)	2.03 (1.70 to 2.44)†	1.00 (ref)	1.97 (1.64 to 2.37)†
Non-married vs married/committed relationship	1.00 (ref)	2.49 (2.13 to 2.91)†	1.00 (ref)	2.49 (2.12 to 2.93)†
With whom you live (vs spouse/domestic partner)
Family	1.00 (ref)	2.64 (1.97 to 3.52)†	1.00 (ref)	2.73 (2.04 to 3.65)†
Alone	1.00 (ref)	1.96 (1.64 to 2.35)†	1.00 (ref)	1.93 (1.60 to 2.32)†
Have assistance for home care from family, friends or others, if needed (no vs yes)	1.00 (ref)	0.58 (0.50 to 0.69)†	1.00 (ref)	0.59 (0.50 to 0.69)†
70–79 year olds
Ever smokers	1.00 (ref)	1.19 (1.04 to 1.36)§	1.00 (ref)	1.25 (1.08 to 1.44)‡
Ever felt the need to cut down on alcohol consumption	1.00 (ref)	1.92 (1.43 to 2.56)†	1.00 (ref)	2.08 (1.54 to 2.80)†
Relatives/friends worry or complain about your alcohol consumption	1.00 (ref)	2.43 (1.29 to 4.57)†	1.00 (ref)	2.64 (1.39 to 5.02)†
Education (vs 4-year college/postgraduate studies)
Less than high school	1.00 (ref)	3.20 (2.53 to 4.04)†	1.00 (ref)	2.94 (2.32 to 3.73)†
High school graduate or GED/some college	1.00 (ref)	1.50 (1.27 to 1.77)§	1.00 (ref)	1.45 (1.23 to 1.72)§
Non-married vs married/committed relationship	1.00 (ref)	1.70 (1.48 to 1.96)†	1.00 (ref)	1.61 (1.38 to 1.87)†
With whom you live (vs spouse/domestic partner)
Family	1.00 (ref)	1.77 (1.28 to 2.45)†	1.00 (ref)	1.72 (1.23 to 2.39)‡
Alone	1.00 (ref)	1.42 (1.22 to 1.65)†	1.00 (ref)	1.31 (1.11 to 1.54)‡
Have assistance for home care from family, friends or others, if needed (no vs yes)	1.00 (ref)	0.68 (0.59 to 0.79)†	1.00 (ref)	0.68 (0.59 to 0.79)†
80–89 year olds
Ever smokers	1.00 (ref)	1.21 (1.00 to 1.45)§	1.00 (ref)	1.28 (1.06 to 1.56)§
Ever felt the need to cut down on alcohol consumption	1.00 (ref)	1.52 (0.84 to 2.74)	1.00 (ref)	1.66 (0.91 to 3.03)
Relatives/friends worry or complain about your alcohol consumption	1.00 (ref)	3.88 (1.07 to 14.15)§	1.00 (ref)	4.20 (1.15 to 15.41)§
Education (vs 4-year college/postgraduate studies)
Less than high school	1.00 (ref)	1.98 (1.49 to 2.65)†	1.00 (ref)	1.97 (1.48 to 2.63)†
High school graduate or GED/some college	1.00 (ref)	1.22 (0.97 to 1.54)	1.00 (ref)	1.22 (0.97 to 1.54)
Non-married vs married/committed relationship	1.00 (ref)	1.45 (1.21 to 1.74)†	1.00 (ref)	1.53 (1.24 to 1.88)†
With whom you live (vs spouse/domestic partner)
Family	1.00 (ref)	1.55 (1.03 to 2.33)§	1.00 (ref)	1.58 (1.04 to 2.38)§
Alone	1.00 (ref)	1.31 (1.09 to 1.59)‡	1.00 (ref)	1.32 (1.07 to 1.63)‡
Have assistance for home care from family, friends or others, if needed (no vs yes)	1.00 (ref)	0.57 (0.46 to 0.70)†	1.00 (ref)	0.58 (0.47 to 0.72)†

*Multivariate associations are adjusted for age and sex.

†p Value<0.001.

‡p Value<0.01.

§p Value<0.05.

GED, General Educational Development.