TABLE 1.

Cytokine levels in the lungs of cigarette smoke (CS)/respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-exposed mice after treatment with tiotropium (Tio), fluticasone (Fluti), and roflumilast (Roflu)

Mice were exposed to CS, infected and re-infected with RSV, and treated with tiotropium, fluticasone, or roflumilast as described in Fig. 6 and Materials and Methods. Cytokine levels in lung homogenate were analyzed using Meso Scale Discovery multiplex technology. Mean ± S.E.M. of n = 4–8 animals per treatment group and n = 4 for negative control is shown.

Mediator [pg/ml]	Negative Control	Smoke + RSV	+ Tio 0.1 mg/ml	+ Tio 0.3 mg/ml
IL-6	20.4 ± 3.1**	173.9 ± 35.9	128.2 ± 20.9	87.5 ± 10.7*
KC	99.9 ± 28.0***	673.6 ± 61.5	523.0 ± 72.4	499.0 ± 37.9
TNF-α	0.9 ± 0.4***	37.1 ± 5.1	21.5 ± 1.8**	25.0 ± 2.4*
IL-1β	60.5 ± 13.0**	500.4 ± 92.9	578.0 ± 52.0	575.5 ± 44.5
IFN-γ	< 3.1	336.1 ± 46.4	169.2 ± 28.8 *	182.6 ± 34.3 *
	Negative control	Smoke + RSV	+ Fluti 0.1 mg/kg	+ Fluti 0.3 mg/kg
IL-6	< 25.5	47.7 ± 9.8	88.8 ± 21.1	122.4 ± 55.0
KC	154.0 ± 19.2****	720.6 ± 39.9	1932.1 ± 134.3***	1462.0 ± 169.2*
TNF-α	4.0 ± 1.1 ****	24.7 ± 1.4	27.0 ± 2.1	22.9 ± 2.1
IL-1β	51.4 ± 10.8 ****	532.4 ± 40.7	1184.6 ± 169.3***	811.9 ± 94.7
IFN-γ	0.3 ± 0.1***	81.8 ± 10.0	53.4 ± 6.9*	39.2 ± 5.7**
	Negative control	Smoke + RSV	+ Roflu 0.2 mg/kg	+ Roflu 1.0 mg/kg
IL-6	10.5 ± 3.6***	72.0 ± 10.7	63.1 ± 25.3	44.0 ± 6.2
KC	116.9 ± 35.2**	344.7 ± 46.4	459.9 ± 30.7	592.9 ± 36.7***
TNF-α	< 3.1	37.4 ± 7.7	33.9 ± 5.9	31.1 ± 4.3
IL-1β	66.4 ± 4.9***	581.2 ± 86.6	1015.3 ± 141.4*	569.5 ± 55.5
IFN-γ	0.6 ± 0.0**	118.6 ± 24.9	54.9 ± 16.6	75.0 ± 16.1

IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; KC, keratinocyte chemoattractant; TNF, tumor necrosis factor