Table 2.
Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Model Assessing factors Associated with Survival after Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer
| Risk Factor | Hazard Ratio* | 95% Confidence Interval | Significance (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Age (years) | ||||
| <45 | Referent | |||
| 45-65 | 1.24 | 1.12 | 1.37 | <0.001 |
| 65-80 | 1.53 | 1.39 | 1.69 | <0.001 |
| >80 | 2.05 | 1.85 | 2.28 | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Referent | |||
| Male | 1.08 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 0.01 |
| Race | ||||
| other | Referent | |||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 0.93 | 0.74 | 1.16 | 0.53 |
| Black | 1.19 | 0.96 | 1.47 | 0.12 |
| White | 1.05 | 0.85 | 1.30 | 0.65 |
| Histology | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | Referent | |||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.10 | 0.02 |
| Grade | ||||
| Well differentiated; Grade I | Referent | |||
| Moderately differentiated; Grade II | 1.01 | 0.96 | 1.06 | 0.76 |
| Poorly differentiated; Grade III | 1.18 | 1.12 | 1.24 | <0.001 |
| Stage | ||||
| Localized | Referent | 0.28 | ||
| Regional | 1.04 | 0.97 | 1.11 | <0.001 |
| Distant | 1.59 | 1.49 | 1.68 | |
| Adjuvant Radiotherapy Effect | ||||
| No | Referent | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.73 | |
| Surgery Effect | ||||
| No Surgery | Referent | <0.001 | ||
| Surgery | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.79 | |
| Period | ||||
| Before 2000s | Referent | <0.004 | ||
| 2000s | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.98 | |
Tumor size and location were not significant predictors of survival on univariate or multivariate analysis
*
Hazard ratios greater than 1.0 indicate a higher risk of death