Table 1.
Differences in Patient Characteristics According to Survey Response Category
| Survey Respondent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| Variable | N | Yes (n=573) | No (n=847) | P-value |
| Age at surgery (median, IQR, years) | 1420 | 72.0 (63.9, 78.3) | 70.2 (61.4, 78.6) | 0.009 |
| Male | 1420 | 368 (64%) | 523 (62%) | 0.34 |
| Body mass index (median, IQR, kg/m2) | 1420 | 27.7 (24.9, 31.6) | 28.0 (25.2, 31.8) | 0.29 |
| White | 1370 | 539 (98%) | 793 (97%) | 0.27 |
| Geographic region: | 1420 | 0.84 | ||
| Minnesota | 222 (39%) | 340 (40%) | ||
| States (ND, SD, IA, WI, IL) | 186 (32%) | 273 (32%) | ||
| All other states | 165 (29%) | 234 (28%) | ||
| Medicare/Medicaid insurance | 1420 | 411 (72%) | 564 (67%) | 0.04 |
| Hospital length of stay | 1420 | 6.0 (5.0, 8.0) | 6.0 (4.0, 8.0) | 0.003 |
| Readmission within 30 days | 1420 | 61 (11%) | 50 (6%) | 0.001 |
| Cardiac rehabilitation referral in hospital | 1420 | 324 (57%) | 474 (56%) | 0.83 |
| Coronary artery disease risk factors | ||||
| Smoking (current, former) | 1420 | 309 (54%) | 428 (51%) | 0.21 |
| Family history of coronary artery disease | 1420 | 45 (8%) | 64 (8%) | 0.84 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1420 | 39 (7%) | 61 (7%) | 0.78 |
| Cerebral vascular disease | 1420 | 67 (12%) | 118 (14%) | 0.22 |
| Hypertension | 1420 | 404 (71%) | 558 (66%) | 0.07 |
| Normal coronary arteries | 1337 | 161 (30%) | 241 (30%) | 0.90 |
| Coronary artery disease** | 1420 | 171 (30%) | 219 (26%) | 0.10 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Charlson index | 1420 | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 0.70 |
| Moderate/severe renal disease | 1420 | 89 (16%) | 126 (15%) | 0.74 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1420 | 153 (27%) | 229 (27%) | 0.89 |
| Infectious endocarditis | 1420 | 29 (5%) | 48 (6%) | 0.62 |
| Creatinine level | 1420 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.05 |
| Dialysis | 1420 | 7 (1%) | 12 (1%) | 0.75 |
| Heart failure | 1420 | 94 (16%) | 159 (19%) | 0.25 |
| Prior cardiac interventions | ||||
| Cardiac operations | 1420 | 136 (24%) | 157 (19%) | 0.018 |
| Coronary artery bypass surgery | 1420 | 84 (15%) | 88 (10%) | 0.016 |
| Valve surgery | 1420 | 66 (12%) | 94 (11%) | 0.81 |
| Aortic valve replacement | 1420 | 29 (5%) | 48 (6%) | 0.62 |
| Mitral valve replacement | 1420 | 10 (2%) | 30 (4%) | 0.045 |
| Pulmonary valve repair | 1420 | 37 (6%) | 39 (5%) | 0.13 |
| Atrial septal defect | 1420 | 4 (1%) | 2 (0%) | 0.19 |
| Aortic aneurysm (ascending) | 1420 | 3 (1%) | 4 (0%) | 0.89 |
| Internal cardiac defibrillator | 1420 | 9 (2%) | 17 (2%) | 0.55 |
| Pacemaker | 1420 | 24 (4%) | 41 (5%) | 0.56 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 1420 | 55 (10%) | 92 (11%) | 0.44 |
| Heart rhythm: | 1419 | 0.03 | ||
| Normal sinus rhythm | 530 (92%) | 749 (89%) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 33 (6%) | 85 (10%) | ||
| Heart block | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | ||
| Paced | 10 (2%) | 11 (1%) | ||
| Any arrhythmia | 1420 | 95 (17%) | 173 (20%) | 0.07 |
| Cardiac function | ||||
| Ejection fraction, % | 1420 | 64.0 (59.0, 68.0) | 64.0 (57.0, 67.0) | 0.11 |
| Cardiac output, L/Min | 1420 | 5.9 (5.2, 6.7) | 5.9 (5.4, 6.7) | 0.13 |
| Cardiac index, L/Min/M2 | 1420 | 3.0 (2.7, 3.5) | 3.0 (2.7, 3.5) | 0.66 |
| Aortic valve stenosis | 1420 | 370 (65%) | 463 (55%) | <.001 |
| Aortic valve insufficiency (severity~) | 1420 | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 0.31 |
| Mitral valve stenosis | 1420 | 62 (11%) | 55 (6%) | 0.004 |
| Mitral valve insufficiency (severity~) | 1420 | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) | <.001 |
| Aortic valve surgery: | 1420 | <.001 | ||
| No | 169 (29%) | 349 (41%) | ||
| Replacement | 398 (69%) | 488 (58%) | ||
| Repair/Reconstruction/Other | 6 (1%) | 10 (1%) | ||
| Mitral valve surgery: | 1420 | <.001 | ||
| No | 365 (64%) | 450 (53%) | ||
| Annuloplasty only | 18 (3%) | 22 (3%) | ||
| Replacement | 69 (12%) | 105 (12%) | ||
| Reconstruction w/annuloplasty | 111 (19%) | 257 (30%) | ||
| Reconstruction w/o annuloplasty | 10 (2%) | 13 (2%) | ||
| Operative characteristics | ||||
| Robotic-assisted op approach | 1420 | 6 (1%) | 87 (10%) | <.001 |
| Intra-aortic ballon pump used | 1420 | 14 (2%) | 22 (3%) | 0.86 |
| Intra-operative blood products | 1420 | 306 (53%) | 409 (48%) | 0.06 |
| Post-operative blood products | 1420 | 249 (43%) | 333 (39%) | 0.12 |
| Ventilation hours | 1420 | 9.0 (5.6, 14.4) | 7.5 (5.0, 12.8) | <.001 |
| Hospital complications | ||||
| Any in-hospital complication | 1420 | 279 (49%) | 412 (49%) | 0.99 |
| Operative complication | 1420 | 29 (5%) | 27 (3%) | 0.08 |
| Infection complication | 1420 | 32 (6%) | 41 (5%) | 0.53 |
| Neurologic complication | 1420 | 15 (3%) | 19 (2%) | 0.65 |
| Pulmonary complication | 1420 | 35 (6%) | 52 (6%) | 0.98 |
| Renal complication | 1420 | 10 (2%) | 13 (2%) | 0.76 |
| Other complication | 1420 | 249 (43%) | 372 (44%) | 0.86 |
| Medications at Discharge | ||||
| Aspirin | 1420 | 459 (80%) | 651 (77%) | 0.15 |
| ACE inhibitors | 1420 | 167 (29%) | 221 (26%) | 0.21 |
| Beta blockers | 1420 | 450 (79%) | 681 (80%) | 0.39 |
| Warfarin | 1420 | 317 (55%) | 533 (63%) | 0.004 |
| Lipid lowering medication | 1420 | 348 (61%) | 475 (56%) | 0.08 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 1420 | 200 (35%) | 315 (37%) | 0.38 |
| ADP inhibitors | 1420 | 24 (4%) | 40 (5%) | 0.63 |
| Non-home discharge location | 1420 | 80 (14%) | 143 (17%) | 0.17 |
| Deaths (Survival rate until time of survey)+ | 1420 | <.001 | ||
| 2 years | 27 (95%) | 47 (91%) | ||
| 4 years | 63 (88%) | 81 (81%) | ||
| 6 years | 91 (80%) | 109 (61%) | ||
| Total # deaths | 96 | 112 | ||
+
K-M (# Events); p-value derived from log-rank test
Death or censoring information were ascertained from Mayo electronic databases, except in the case where survey self-responders had a prior last known alive date (for these the survey date was imputed as the censoring date)
*
Neighboring states includes North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa
**
Any coronary artery disease defined by as having one or more coronary arteries with >50% stenosis.