Figure 4.

Progressive complexity of methods used to select probiotics with in vitro and in vivo anti-Campylobacter activity. Simplified in vitro assays to assess direct interactions between the probiotic and Campylobacter (1) without (co-culture and agar plate diffusion) or (2) with an intestinal environment (co-culture in batch) or (3) interactions between the probiotic, Campylobacter and intestinal epithelial cells (adhesion and invasion assays). Complex in vivo trials (4) with their potential interactions to corroborate in vitro assays. Black arrows represent potential interactions. Green represents the intestinal environment.