Table 2.
In vitro experiments related to the probiotic impact on Campylobacter.
| Study | Probiotic agents | C. jejuni strain (origin) | Test | Epithelial cells or mucus | Temperature | Time of incubation | Observed effects (results) | Mechanism involved |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PATHOGEN + PROBIOTIC | ||||||||
| Fooks and Gibson, 2003 |
Lb. plantarum 0407 + oligofructose Bf. bifidum Bb12 + oligofructose + xylo-oligosaccharides |
CIP 70.2 (bovine) | Co-culture in batch and continuous culture anaerobic fermentation systems | – | 37°C | 24 h | Growth inhibition (8 log reduction) | Lactic and acetic acid production |
| Fernández et al., 2003 |
Lb. acidophilus UO 001 Lb. gasseri UO 002 |
Clinical isolate (human) | Agar plate diffusion | – | 37°C | 48 h | Inhibition zone (NI) | Lactic acid production |
| Chaveerach et al., 2004 | Lactobacillus spp. P93 | C2146 (chicken) C186 (chicken) C350 (chicken) C591 (chicken) C690 (chicken) C144 (chicken) | Co-culture and agar plate diffusion | – | 37°C | 72 h | Growth inhibition (4–6 log reduction) Inhibition zone (9–15 mm) | Organic acid and bacteriocin production |
| Messaoudi et al., 2011 |
Lb. salivarius SMXD51 Lb. salivarius MMS122 Lb. salivarius MMS151 |
NCTC 11168 (human) 81–176 (human) |
Agar plate diffusion | – | 37°C | 24 h | Inhibition zone (NI) | Bacteriocin production |
| Dubois Dauphin et al., 2011 |
E. faecium THT Lb. pentosus CWBI B78 |
LMG 6446 (human) CWBI B1444 (NI) |
Co-culture and agar plate diffusion | – | 37°C | 100 h | Inhibition zone (10–15 mm) | Lactic and acetic acid production |
| Robyn et al., 2012 | E. faecalis MB 5259 | MB 4185 (chicken) | Co-culture in batch and agar plate diffusion | – | 37°C | 48 h | Growth inhibition (0.5–1 log reduction) Inhibition zone (NI) |
NI |
| Mundi et al., 2013 |
Lb. acidophilus La-5 Bf. longum NCC2705 |
81–176 (human) | Campylobacter culture with neutralized cell-free supernatants from probiotics | – | 42°C | 2 h | Virulence gene down-regulation (3–7-fold reduction for ciaB and flaA genes) |
Biologically active molecules production |
| Menconi et al., 2014 |
Pediococcus parvulus Lb. salivarius |
NI | Agar plate diffusion | – | 37°C | 24 h | Inhibition zone (NI) | NI |
| Bratz et al., 2015 |
Lb. fermentum ATCC 14931 Lb. johnsonii BFE 663 Lb. paracasei IMT 22353 |
NCTC 11168 (human) CIP 70.2 (bovine) |
Agar plate diffusion | – | 37°C | 24 h | Inhibition zone (NI) | Organic acid production |
| PATHOGEN + PROBIOTIC + MUCUS | ||||||||
| Ganan et al., 2013 |
Propionibacterium freudenreichii DSM 7067 Lb. rhamnosus ATCC 53103 Lactococcus lactis N8 Broilact® (facultative anaerobic bacteria) |
NCTC 11168 (human) 118 (human) |
Adhesion assay (exclusion testa, competition testb) | Chicken intestinal mucus | 37°C | 1 h | Adhesion reduction (8–23%) | Competition for adhesion site |
| Tareb et al., 2013 |
Lb. rhamnosus CNCM-I-3698 Lb. farciminis CNCM-I-3699 |
CIP 70.2 (bovine) | Adhesion assay (exclusion testa, competition testb) | Mucin | 37°C | 1 h | Adhesion reduction (17–70%) | Co-aggregation |
| PATHOGEN + PROBIOTIC + EPITHELIAL CELLS | ||||||||
| Wine et al., 2009 |
Lb. helveticus R0052 Lb. rhamnosus R0011 Lb. rhamnosus ATCC 53103 |
NCTC 11168 (human) 81–176 (human) |
Invasion assay (exclusion testa, competition testb) | T84 INT-407 | 37°C | 1 or 4 h (probiotics) 4 h (Campylobacter) | Invasion reduction (35–55%) | Competition for adhesion site |
| Alemka et al., 2010 |
Lb. rhamnosus R0011 Lb. helveticus R0052 Lb. salivarius AH102 Bf. longum AH1205 Lacidofil® (Lb. rhamnosus R0011 + Lb. helveticus R0052) Mixture (Lb. rhamnosus + Lb. helveticus + Lb. salivarius) |
81–176 (human) | Invasion assay (exclusion testa) | HT29-MTXE12 HT29 | 37°C | 4 or 15 h (probiotics) 24 h (Campylobacter) | Invasion reduction (1–1.5 log) and translocation reduction (3–4 log) | NI |
| Campana et al., 2012 | Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 | Hom 107 (human) ISS 9 (human) ISS 3 (human) Hom 13 (human) 241 (human) ISS 1 (human) Hom 88 (human) Hom 14 (human) Hom 7 (human) |
Adhesion and invasion assays (exclusion testa, competition testb, displacement testc) | Caco-2 | 37°C | 1 or 4 h (probiotics) 4 h (Campylobacter) | Adhesion reduction (10–50%) and invasion reduction (10–50%) | Competition for adhesion site Bacteriocin production |
| Wang et al., 2014 |
Lb. plantarum N8 Lb. plantarum N9 Lb. plantarum ZL5 Lb. casei ZL4 |
NCTC 11168 (human) ATCC 33291 (human) ATCC BAA-1153 (human) |
Adhesion and invasion assays (exclusion testa, competition testb, displacement testc) | HT29 | 37°C | 1 or 4 h (probiotics) 4 h (Campylobacter) | Adhesion reduction (40–70%) and invasion reduction (30–60%) | Organic acid and bacteriocin production |
Lb, Lactobacillus; Bf, Bifidobacterium; E, Enterococcus; NI, not indicated.
a
Probiotics were incubated before Campylobacter to assess a preventive effect.
b
Probiotics and Campylobacter were incubated at the same time to assess a therapeutic effect.
c
Campylobacter were incubated before probiotics to assess a therapeutic effect.
Lacidofil® is produced by Xymogen (Orlando, FL, USA); Broilact® is produced by Nimrod Veterinary Products, (Gloucester, UK).