Table 3.
In vivo studies using probiotics to reduce Campylobacter colonization in broilers.
| Study | Probiotic administration | C. jejuni contamination | C. jejuni enumeration | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strain | Dose | Route | Period | Type | Chicken age or period | Strain (origin) | Dose | Organ | Chicken age | Results* | |
| PROBIOTIC ALONE | |||||||||||
| Netherwood et al., 1999 | E. faecium NCIMB 11508 transformed with plasmid pVACMC1 containing the Ruminococcus flavefaciens b-1,4-glucanase gene | 1.106 CFU/chick | Per os | From day of hatching to day 28 | Natural | – | – | – | Crops, duodena, ceca | 14, 28, 30, 33, and 35 days | No reduction |
| Fritts et al., 2000 | Calsporin® (B. subtilis C-3102) | NI | Diet | From day of hatching to day 42 | Natural | – | – | – | Processed carcasses | 42 days | 0.2 log reduction |
| Line et al., 2008 |
Lb. salivarius NRRL B-30514 Paenibacillus polymyxa NRRL B-30509 |
2.108 CFU/chick | Per os | From day of hatching to day 4 twice daily | Artificial | From day of hatching to day 10 | NI | 1.103, 1.104 or 1.105 CFU/chick | Ceca | 7 days | No reduction |
| Santini et al., 2010 | Bf. longum PCB133 | 1.108 CFU/chick | Per os | From day of hatching to day 14 | Natural | – | – | – | Feces | 15 days | 1 log reduction |
| Neal-McKinney et al., 2012 | Lb. crispatus JCM5810 | 1.108 CFU/chick | Per os | 4 days | Artificial | 14 days | F38011 (human) | 1.108 CFU/chick | Ceca | 21 days | 2 log reduction |
| Robyn et al., 2013 | E. faecalis MB5259 | 1.104 or 1.108 CFU/chick | Per os | NI | Artificial | 15 days | MB 4185 (chicken) | 2.104 CFU/chick | Ceca | 21 days | No reduction |
| Nishiyama et al., 2014 | Lb. gasseri SBT2055 | 1.108 CFU/chick | Per os | From day of hatching to day 15 | Artificial | 1 day | 81–176 (human) | 1.106 CFU/chick | Ceca | 15 days | 2 log reduction |
| Arsi et al., 2015a | Bacillus spp. | NI | Intracloacal or per os | Day of hatching | Artificial | 7 days | Four-strain mixture | 1.106 CFU/chick | Ceca | 14 days | 1–3 log reduction (intracloacal) No reduction (per os) |
| Arsi et al., 2015b | Bacillus spp. Lb. salivarius subsp. salivarius Lb. salivarius subsp. salicinius | 2.106 CFU/chick | Per os | Day of hatching | Artificial | 7 days | Four-strain mixture | 1.106 CFU/chick | Ceca | 14 days | 1–3 log reduction |
| Nishiyama et al., 2015 | Lb. gasseri SBT2055 | 1.108 CFU/chick | Per os | From day of hatching to day 15 | Artificial | 1 day | 81–176 (human) | 1.106 CFU/chick | Ceca | 15 days | 1–2 log reduction |
| Gracia et al., 2016 | B. subtilis DSM17299 | 0.05% (w/w) | Diet | From day of hatching to day 42 | Artificial | 14 days | Isolate from ST45 complex (chicken) | 1.104 CFU/chick | Ceca | 21, 35 and 42 days | No reduction |
| Guyard-Nicodème et al., 2016 | Calsporin® Ecobiol® (B. amyloliquefaciens) | 0.01% (w/w) 0.1% (w/w) | Diet | From day of hatching to day 42 | Artificial | 11 days | C97ANSES640 (chicken) | 1.104 CFU/chick | Ceca | 14, 35 and 42 days | 1.7 log reduction at 42 days (Calsporin®) No reduction (Ecobiol®) |
| PROBIOTIC MIXTURE | |||||||||||
| Aho et al., 1992 | K-bacteria (microaerophilic adaptive-mucus bacteria) + Broilact® (facultative anaerobic bacteria) | NI | Water | From day of hatching to day 38 | Artificial | 4 days | T23/42 (chicken) | 1.104 CFU/chick | Ceca | 38 days | 1.5–2 log reduction |
| Schoeni and Wong, 1994 | Citrobacter diversus 22 + Klebsiella pneumonia 23 + Escherichia coli 25 + mannose | 1.108 CFU/chick | Per os | Days 1 and 3 | Artificial | 1 day | 108 (chicken) | 1.108 CFU/chick | Ceca | 7 days | 62% reduction in the colonization rate |
| Morishita et al., 1997 | Avian PAC Soluble®; (Lb. acidophilus + Streptococcus faecium) | 400 mg/L | Water | From day of hatching to day 3 | Artificial | 1 day | C101 (chicken) | 1.104 CFU/chick | Cloacal swabs | 39 days | 70% reduction in prevalence |
| Willis and Reid, 2008 | Starter diet (Lb. acidophilus + Lb. casei + Bf. thermophilus + E. faecium) | 1.108 CFU/kg of feed | Diet | From day of hatching to day 42 | Natural | – | – | – | Cloacal swabs | 42 days | 10% reduction in prevalence |
| Baffoni et al., 2012 | Microencapsulated Bf. longum PCB133 + oligosaccharides | 1.109 CFU/chick + 3% of galactooligosaccharide (w/w) | Diet | From day of hatching to day 14 | Natural | – | – | – | Feces | 15 days | 0.5 log reduction |
| Ghareeb et al., 2012 | PoultryStar sol® (E. faecium + P. acidilactici + Bf. animalis + Lb. salivarius + Lb. reuteri) | 2 or 20 mg | Water | From day of hatching to day 14 | Artificial | 1 day | 3015/2010 (chicken) | 1.104 CFU/chick | Ceca | 15 days | 3.7–5.5 log reduction |
| Aguiar et al., 2013 | Three B. subtilis sp. mixture | 2.106 CFU/chick | Per os | Day of hatching | Artificial | 7 days | Four-strain mixture (chicken) | 1.105 CFU/chick | Ceca | 14 days | 1–4 log reduction |
| Cean et al., 2015 | Lb. paracasei J.R + Lb. rhamnosus 15b + Lb. lactis Y + Lb. lactis FOa | NI | Water | From day of hatching to day 42 | Natural | – | – | – | Duodena, ceca, feces | 42 days | 5 log reduction (duodena and ceca) |
| Guyard-Nicodème et al., 2016 | PoultryStar ME® | 0.1% (w/w) | Diet | From day of hatching to day 42 | Artificial | 11 days | C97ANSES640 (chicken) | 1.104 CFU/chick | Ceca | 14, 35 and 42 days | 0.5 log reduction at 14 days and 1.9 log reduction at 35 days |
*
Only results with statistical reduction are presented.
E, Enterococcus; B, Bacillus; Lb, Lactobacillus; Bf, Bifidobacterium; P, Pediococcus; NI, not indicated; Calsporin® is produced by Calpis (Tokyo, Japan); Broilact® is produced by Nimrod Veterinary Products (Gloucester, UK); PoultryStar sol® and PoultryStar ME® are produced by BIOMIN (Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria); Avian PAC Soluble® is produced by Pacific Agri-Sales (Visalia, CA, USA); Ecobiol® is produced by Norel Animal Nutrition (Madrid, Spain).