Figure 2.

Hypothetical model of epigenetic reprogramming by alcohol during adolescence. Adolescence is characterized by widespread changes in the developing brain. These changes are underpinned by molecular processes such as epigenetic programming, which turn specific genetic programs on to mediate cell fate determination, axonal outgrowth, dendrite formation and neuronal maturation. These processes, in turn, affect synaptic plasticity and neurocircuit function to shape normal behaviors. However, developmental perturbation by early life and/or binge alcohol exposure during this critical period can produce persistent effects on chromatin remodeling, synaptic plasticity, and brain function in adulthood, leading to alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and comorbid psychopathology including anxiety and depression. Adult exposure of alcohol can also disturb chromatin remodeling and plasticity, but some of these effects may not be long-lasting.