Table S3. Characteristics and diagnostic accuracy of psychometric tools.
| Tool | Developed year | Item source | Population | Target psychological dysfunction | Time frame | Score range or number of items | Cut-point | Specificity (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Reliability and validity | Criterion standard | Diagnostic or screening |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDS (22,27) | 1982 | A 100-item large-scale | Older adults | Depression | One week | 0–30 | 11 | 95 | 84 | Yes | The 100-item large-scale | Screening |
| CES-D (10,27) | 1972 | BDI, SDS, RDS, MMPI | General population | Depression | One week | 0–60 | 16 | 68.2–99 | 73–100 | Yes | Raskin scale | Screening |
| DSM-IV (23,55,56) | 1994 | NA | General population | Psychotic disorders | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | NA | Diagnostic |
| PHQ (24,27,28,57) | Mid-1900s | PRIME-MD | Primary care setting | Depression | Two weeks | Nine items | According to the answers* | 90 | 83 | Yes | MHP interview and DSM-IV | Screening |
| Panic disorder | Past month | Five items | All answered positively | 91 | 86 | |||||||
| HADS (25,27,28,58,59) | 1983 | NA | Clinical population | Depression | One week | 0–21 | 8 | 80 | 80 | Yes | GHQ and DSM-IV | Screening |
| Anxiety | One week | 0–21 | 8 | 80 | 80 | |||||||
| Two-item Depression Case Finding (12,60) | 1997 | PRIME-MD | Primary care setting | Depression | One month | Two items | Any affirmative answer | 57 | 96 | Yes | QDIS | Screening |
| STAI-6 (26,27,61) | 1992 | STAI | Adult population | Anxiety | NA | 20–80 | NA | NA | NA | Yes | STAI | Screening |
| PRIME-MD (21,29,62) | 1994 | NA | General population and primary care setting | Panic disorder | One month | NA | NA | 99 | 57 | Yes | DSM-IV and DSM-III-R | Diagnostic |
| Major depression | NA | 98 | 57 |
Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder 4th ed.; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MHP interview, Mental Health Professional interview; MMPI, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; NA, not available; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; PRIME-MD, Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorder; QDIS, Quick National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule; RDS, Raskin’s Depression Scale; SDS, Zung’s Self-rating Depression Scale; STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI-6, Six-Item Short-Form State Trait Anxiety Inventory; Yes, yes, this is reported. *, major depression if five or more questions are answered with ‘symptoms on more than half of the days’; minor depression if two, three, or four questions are answered with ‘symptoms on more than half of the days’