Table 2.
Studies excluded from meta-analysis for research questions 1, 2, and 4 after meeting initial screening criteria
| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Bergeson, Pisoni, and Davis (2003) | Comparison between groups with hearing loss |
| Chilosi et al. (2013) | Only age-equivalent scores reported |
| Connor et al. (2000) | Comparison between groups with hearing loss |
| Connor et al. (2006) | Only age-equivalent scores reported |
| Convertino et al. (2014) | Participants were college students (born before 2000) |
| Coppens et al. (2013) | Measured lexical decision making, not general vocabulary knowledge |
| Dawson et al. (1995) | Comparison within group with hearing loss |
| Dillon, De Jong, and Pisoni (2012)a | Comparison with normative data for hearing children from test |
| Easterbrooks et al. (2008) | Comparison within group with hearing loss |
| Edwards et al. (2011) | Group with hearing loss contained both children with cochlear implants and hearing aids |
| El-Hakim et al. (2001) | Comparison between groups with hearing loss |
| Ertmer, Strong, and Sadagopan (2003) | Only one participant; no comparison group |
| Ertmer and Inniger (2009) | Only two participants; no comparison group |
| Fagan and Pisoni (2010)a | Comparison with normative data for hearing children from test |
| Fitzpatrick et al. (2012) | Comparison between groups with hearing loss |
| Geers et al. (2009)a | Comparison with normative data for hearing children from test |
| Geers and Nicholas (2013)a | Comparison with normative data for hearing children from test |
| Geers, Spehar, and Sedey (2002) | Comparison between groups with hearing loss |
| Hayes et al. (2009) | Did not provide means or standard deviations |
| Holt, Kirk, and Hay-McCutcheon (2011) | No report of means from vocabulary testing |
| Houston et al. (2005) | Experimenter-created measure for rapid word learning assessment, not general vocabulary knowledge |
| Houston et al. (2012) | Normal-hearing comparison group administered different vocabulary assessment than cochlear implant group |
| Huttunen and Ryder (2012) | Measured mentalizing vocabulary, not general vocabulary knowledge |
| Iwasaki et al. (2012) | Comparison between groups with hearing loss |
| James et al. (2009) | Only age-equivalent scores reported |
| Kenett et al. (2013) | Experimenter-created measure for verbal fluency, not general vocabulary knowledge |
| Kosaner et al. (2013) | Measured time to acquire first 100 words, not general vocabulary knowledge |
| Lofkvist et al. (2012) | Measure assessed verbal fluency, not general vocabulary knowledge |
| Lu et al. (2013) | Assessed validity of a vocabulary test without direct normal-hearing comparison |
| Nicholas and Geers (2008) | Means/standard deviations not provided |
| Nittrouer et al. (2013) | Reported on same participants as Nittrouer et al. (2014) |
| Oh and Kim (2004) | Comparison within participants with hearing loss |
| Ostojic et al. (2011) | Validity of vocabulary measure unclear; means and standard deviations not provided |
| Sarant and Garrard (2014)a | Comparison with normative data for hearing children from test |
| Spencer (2004) | Comparisons within group with hearing loss |
| Svirksy, Teoh, and Nueburger (2004) | Comparison between groups with hearing loss |
| Tomblin et al. (1999) | Comparison between groups with hearing loss |
| Unterstein (2010) | Dissertation document with participants reported in Luckhurst et al. (2013) |
| Warner-Czyz, Davis, and Morrison (2005) | Only one participant |
| Wass et al. (2008) | Measure assessed response latency rather than general vocabulary knowledge |
| Wechsler-Kasi, Schwartz, and Cleary (2014) | Experimenter-created measure not assessing general vocabulary knowledge |
Note.aIndicates study was only excluded as a result of using normative data comparisons; these studies were included in the analysis for research question 3.