Table 1.

Participants’ characteristics

Variable	ASL proficiency
	Not highly proficient			Highly proficient			Total
	N	M	SD	N	M	SD	N
Home language
ASL	4			44			48
English	34			3			37
Parental hearing status
Deaf	4			43			47
Hearing	34			4			38
Hearing loss etiology
Genetic	12			45			57
Environmental	7			1			8
Unknown	19			1			20
Additional diagnoses
Language and speech impairment	24			4			28
Other health impairment	9			3			12
No	5			40			45
Cochlear implant
Yes	13			0			13
No	25			47			72
Age at diagnosis (years; months)	34	1; 11	1; 7	33	0.6	1; 1	67
Age at first ASL exposure (years; months)	26	6; 5	6; 00	43	0; 2	0; 9	69
Age at enrollment at current bi-bi school	38	10; 8	4; 10	47	5; 10	4; 0	85

Note. ASL = American Sign Language.