Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with drug-resistant TB in four South African provinces by age group,* 2005–2010
| Children | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infants and toddlers n (%) |
Young children n (%) |
Pre-adolescents n (%) |
Adolescents n (%) |
Total n (%) |
P value† | |
| Total | 82 (10.6) | 172 (22.2) | 201 (26) | 319 (41.2) | 774 | |
| Year of diagnosis of current TB episode | ||||||
| 2005 | 6 (7.3) | 26 (15.1) | 23 (11.4) | 27 (8.5) | 82 | |
| 2006 | 10 (12.2) | 25 (14.5) | 27 (13.4) | 38 (11.9) | 100 | |
| 2007 | 16 (19.5) | 41 (23.8) | 35 (17.4) | 67 (21) | 159 | |
| 2008 | 17 (20.7) | 27 (15.7) | 42 (20.9) | 69 (21.6) | 155 | |
| 2009 | 20 (24.4) | 34 (19.8) | 50 (24.9) | 79 (24.8) | 183 | |
| 2010‡ | 13 (15.9) | 19 (11) | 24 (11.9) | 39 (12.2) | 95 | 0.61 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Male | 47 (57.3) | 84 (48.8) | 86 (42.8) | 124 (38.9) | 341 (44.1) | 0.01 |
| Province | ||||||
| KwaZulu-Natal | 56 (68.3) | 111 (64.5) | 121 (60.2) | 162 (50.8) | 450 (58.1) | |
| Eastern Cape | 4 (4.9) | 18 (10.5) | 37 (18.4) | 94 (29.5) | 153 (19.8) | |
| Gauteng | 20 (24.4) | 42 (24.4) | 38 (18.9) | 53 (16.6) | 153 (19.8) | |
| Limpopo | 2 (2.4) | 1 (0.6) | 5 (2.5) | 10 (3.1) | 18 (2.3) | <0.01 |
| Presentation and medical history | ||||||
| Presenting symptoms | ||||||
| Cough | 39 (47.6) | 97 (56.4) | 132 (65.7) | 205 (64.3) | 473 (61.1) | 0.01 |
| Fever | 13 (15.9) | 36 (20.9) | 41 (20.4) | 50 (15.7) | 140 (18.1) | 0.36 |
| Night sweats | 9 (11.0) | 20 (11.6) | 42 (20.9) | 94 (29.5) | 165 (21.3) | <0.01 |
| Reported history of weight loss or failure to thrive | 40 (48.8) | 73 (42.4) | 101 (50.2) | 151 (47.3) | 365 (47.2) | 0.49 |
| TB not responding to treatment | 28 (34.1) | 58 (33.7) | 64 (31.8) | 149 (46.7) | 299 (38.6) | <0.01 |
| Known TB contact history | 55 (67.1) | 118 (68.6) | 127 (63.2) | 154 (48.3) | 454 (58.7) | <0.01 |
| Contact with a TB case | 47 (85.5) | 81 (68.6) | 91 (71.7) | 128 (83.1) | 347 (76.4) | <0.01 |
| Anatomic site of TB | 78 (95.1) | 162 (94.2) | 192 (95.5) | 298 (93.4) | 730 (94.3) | 0.77 |
| PTB only | 59 (75.6) | 106 (65.4) | 140 (72.9) | 273 (91.6) | 578 (79.2) | |
| EPTB only | 3 (3.9) | 12 (7.4) | 3 (1.6) | 2 (0.7) | 20 (2.7) | |
| PTB and EPTB | 16 (20.5) | 44 (27.2) | 49 (25.5) | 23 (7.7) | 132 (18.1) | <0.01 |
| Documented TB patient category | 73 (89.0) | 147 (85.5) | 173 (86.1) | 238 (74.6) | 631 (81.5) | <0.01 |
| Retreatment | 10 (13.7) | 75 (51.0) | 96 (55.5) | 104 (43.4) | 285 (45.2) | <0.01 |
| Known HIV status | 72 (87.8) | 154 (89.5) | 187 (93.0) | 272 (85.3) | 685 (88.5) | 0.06 |
| Positive | 37 (51.4) | 117 (76.0) | 143 (76.5) | 78 (28.7) | 375 (54.7) | |
| Negative | 35 (48.6) | 37 (24.0) | 44 (23.5) | 194 (71.3) | 310 (45.3) | <0.01 |
*
Infants and toddlers (0–1 years); young children (2–7 years), pre-adolescents (8–<13 years), adolescents (13–<18 years).
†
Pearson’s χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate.
‡
Data from 2010 reflect only patients diagnosed from 1 January to 30 June.
TB = tuberculosis; PTB = pulmonary tuberculosis; EPTB = extra-pulmonary tuberculosis; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.