Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of hypertensive patients
| No CKD | Stage I | Stage II | Stage III | Stage IV | Stage V | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 280) | (n = 34) | (n = 42) | (n = 61) | (n = 32) | (n = 14) | P value | (°) | |
| Age (years) | 50±15 | 40±11*** | 57±13* | 65±13*** | 67±13*** | 67±8*** | <0.001 | NA |
| Men (%) | 54.6 | 55.9 | 54.8 | 62.3 | 46.9 | 64.3 | NS | NA |
| Smokers (%) | 30.2 | 23.3 | 18.9 | 35.2 | 28.6 | 58.3 | NS | NA |
| Diabetic (%) | 20.8 | 7.1 | 28.2 | 34.5 | 56.3 | 61.5 | <0.001 | NA |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9±5.3 | 27.3±4.8 | 28.3±5.4 | 28.0±4.0 | 29.8±5.5 | 28.0±4.4 | NS | NS |
| Serum glucose (mg/dl) | 96±36 | 96±18NS | 107±45 NS | 107±34NS | 116±43* | 103±19NS | 0.019 | NS |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.4±1.6 | 5.6±1.5NS | 5.8±1.7 NS | 6.9±1.9*** | 8.0±2.0*** | 7.1±1.0** | <0.001 | 0.015 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 191±40 | 201±41NS | 195±42NS | 179±45NS | 176±52NS | 157±56NS | 0.023 | NS |
| HDLc (mg/dl) | 50±16 | 46±9 | 52±17 | 44±13 | 47±19 | 40±12 | NS | NS |
| LDLc (mg/dl) | 122±37 | 126±37NS | 119±39NS | 113±37NS | 98±36NS | 87±44NS | 0.008 | NS |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 112.0 (78.0–149.5) | 116.0 (91.0–165.3) | 126.0 (79.0–153.5) | 119.0 (98.0–165.0) | 127.5 (83.5–168.3) | 127.5 (95.5–173.8) | NS | NS |
| Albuminuria (mg/die) | 12.6 (4.9–18.9) | 181.4 (50.5–246.4)*** | 218.2 (44.9–569.4)*** | 354.0 (37.2–745.8)*** | 630.1 (135.5–900.4)*** | 769.8 (173.3–1515.4)*** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0,86±0.16 | 0.82±0.14NS | 0.98±0.15NS | 1.50±0.36*** | 2.47±0.52*** | 5.06±1.00*** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 91.8±16.9 | 103.7±10.7*** | 76.4±10.2*** | 45.9±9.2*** | 23.3±4.0*** | 10.2±1.8*** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Clinic systolic BP (mm Hg) | 135±14 | 139±20NS | 138±18NS | 139±18NS | 142±15NS | 146±18NS | 0.012 | 0.031 |
| Clinic diastolic BP(mm Hg) | 82±10 | 85±12 | 82±11 | 80±13 | 78±11 | 78±10 | NS | NS |
| Clinic pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 53±12 | 54±15NS | 56±18NS | 59±12* | 64±17*** | 68±20*** | <0.001 | 0.007 |
| Clinic heart rate (beats/min) | 74±11 | 78±8NS | 71±7NS | 67±11NS | 68±6NS | 62±7NS | 0.026 | NS |
| 24-h systolic BP (mm Hg) | 128±13 | 134±14NS | 129±15NS | 134±14NS | 136±18NS | 131±7NS | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| 24-h diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 79±10 | 83±12 | 78±9 | 78±11 | 79±11 | 75±7 | NS | NS |
| 24-h pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 48±9 | 50±9NS | 51±11NS | 55±11** | 54±11NS | 56±8NS | 0.002 | 0.040 |
| RRI | 0.62±0.06 | 0.60±0.06NS | 0.65±0.06NS | 0.68±0.07*** | 0.69±0.03*** | 0.71±0.05*** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| cIMT (mm) | 0.89±0.24 | 0.80±0.29NS | 0.97±0.21NS | 1.05±0.20*** | 1.09±0.15*** | 1.13±0.17* | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Plaques (%) | 18.2 | 3.8 | 23.7 | 46.5 | 24 | 45.5 | <0.001 | / |
| aPWV (m/s) | 10.8±2.4 | 9.8±2.4NS | 11.9±2.0NS | 12.5±1.9*** | 12.8±2.5*** | 12.8±1.9NS | <0.001 | 0.012 |
Abbreviations: aPWV: aortic pulse wave velocity; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; cIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; eGFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDLc, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; NA, not applicable; PP, pulse pressure; RRI, renal resistive index.
NS P > 0.05; *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; *** P ≤ 0.001. (°) P value adjusted for age.