Table 4.
Factors associated with new-onset proteinuria by COX regression analysis
| Variables | Crude HR | Adjusted HRa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Fasting blood glucose: per 1mg/dl | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.001 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.001 |
| Baseline systolic blood pressure: per 1mm Hg | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.010 | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 0.120 |
| Mean of 6-month interval systolic blood pressure during follow-up: per 1mm Hg | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.014 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.207 |
| Framingham risk score: per 1% | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.027 | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 0.770 |
| Flow-mediated dilatation: per 1 % change | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 0.030 | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 0.510 |
| Age: per 1 year | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.039 | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.491 |
| Baseline GFR: per 1ml/min/1.73 m2 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.039 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.754 |
| RAS blockerb use: user vs. nonuser | 0.52 (0.27–0.98) | 0.044 | 0.38 (0.19–0.75) | 0.005 |
| hsCRP level: per 1mg/l | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 0.070 | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 0.241 |
| Uric acid level: per 1mg/dl | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) | 0.282 | ||
| Statin use: user vs. nonuser | 0.75 (0.42–1.34) | 0.335 | ||
| Visfatin: per 1ng/ml | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 0.381 | ||
| LDL-cholesterol level: per 1mg/dl | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.421 | ||
| Calcium channel blocker use: user vs. nonuser | 0.89 (0.54–1.46) | 0.651 | ||
| Beta-blocker use: user vs. nonuser | 1.40 (0.87–2.25) | 0.167 | ||
| Diuretics use: user vs. nonuser | 1.45 (0.58–3.61) | 0.423 | ||
| Triglyceride level: per 1mg/dl | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.844 | ||
| Body mass index: per 1kg/m2 | 1.00 (0.92–1.07) | 0.891 | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; RAS, renin-angiotensin system.
aThe adjusted COX regression model included all available variables with crude HR P value < 0.100. bRAS blocker, renin-angiotensin system blocker, including angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and direct renin inhibitors (DRI).