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. 2016 May 31;6:26876. doi: 10.1038/srep26876

Figure 4. HIV infection induces neuropathology in humanized mice.

Figure 4

Paraffin sections of brain (5 μm thick) obtained 10 w.p.i. were labeled with (a,b) anti-GFAP (red), astrocyte activation marker. Images from cortical region were taken at 40X. (c,d) anti-Iba1 (green), microglial activation marker. Images were taken at 60X. GFAP+ and Iba-1+ cells were enumerated using “particle analysis” tool from ImageJ software from three random fields of view. (e,f) Anti-MAP2 (red), anti-NeuN (green) neuronal markers. Images were taken at 60X and optically zoomed to 3 in (f). ↑ indicates dendritic beading and the section enclosed in a square indicates denritic thinning. All sections were counterstained with DAPI (blue) to label nuclei. Scale bars are 10 μm. (g–i) Immunoblots showing the expression of Shh and Gli1 in the brain lysates collected from HIV infected and uninfected humanized mice (N = 3 per group). Image J software was used to perform densitometry analysis.