Table 1. General characteristics of prospective studies of dietary or serum beta-carotene and all-cause mortality (1997–2016).
| No. | First author, year | Country | Cohort or Location | Response rate | Follow-up years | Follow-up rate | Cohort size | No. of death | Baseline age (year) | Exposure measurement | Median | Quantity | Sex | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stepaniak, 2016 | Eastern Europe | HAPIEE study | 59.00% | 7.2 | 95.60% | 26993 | 2371 | 45–69 | Validated FFQ | 7404.7 ug/d | Quintile 5 vs. Q1; 13955.3/3189.5 | Both | Age, country, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, history of cadiovascular disease or cancer, total energy intake |
| 2 | Henríquez-Sánchez, 2016 | Spain | PREDIMED study | Not available | 4.3 | 97.20% | 7015 | 319 | M: 55–80 F: 60–80 | Validated FFQ | Not available | Quintile 5 vs. Q1 | Both | Recruitment center, intervention group, age, sex, education, marital status,body mass index, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, energy-adjusted intake of saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and glycemic index and medical history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and cancer. |
| 3 | Roswall, 2012 | Danmark | DCH study | 35.50% | 13.8 | 100.00% | 55453 | 6767 | 50–64 | Validated FFQ | 3205.4 ug/d | Highest vs. Lowest group; >4798/<1317 | Both | Age, alcohol intake, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking status, smoking duration, smoking intensity, time since cessation, education, and physical activity, vitamin E, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin supplementation. |
| 4 | Agudo, 2008 | Spain | EPIC-Spain | 55%-60% | 6.5 | 100.00% | 41358 | 562 | 30–69 | Validated dietary histogoty | 1678.6 ug/d | Quartile 4 vs. Q1; 3707.2/830.4 | Both | Age, sex, total energy intake, education, body mass index, physical activity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. |
| 5 | Genkinger, 2004 | US | CLUE cohort studies | 86.00% | 12.2 | 97.00% | 6151 | 910 | 30–93 | FFQ | 1697.0 ug/d | Quintile 5 vs. Q1; 3884.8/679.2 | Both | Age, smoking status, body mass index, cholesterol concentration, and energy. |
| 6 | Fletcher, 2003 | UK | Substudy of a randomized trial | 47%(Dietary); 52%(Plasma) | 4.4 | 100.00% | 1175 | 290 | 75–84 | FFQ | 2154 ug/d | Quintile 5 vs. Q1; | Both | Age, sex, total energy intake, body mass index, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease or cancer, supplement use, physical activity, and housing tenure |
| Plasma | 372 nmol/L | Quintile 5 vs. Q1; 772/153 | Both | Age, sex, body mass index, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, and history of cardiovascular disease or cancer, physical activity, housing tenure, vitamin supplementation. | ||||||||||
| 7 | Todd, 1999 | UK | SHHS | Not available | 7.7 | 99.90% | 11629 | 591 | 40–59 | FFQ | 2967.7 ug/d | Quartile 4 vs. Q1 | Both | Age, serum total cholesterol, systolic btood pressure, carbon monoxide, energy, previous medical diagnosis of diabetes, body mass index, the Bortner personality score, trigtycerides, high density llpoproteln cholesterol, fSrinogen, a self-reported measure of activity in leisure, and alcohol consumption |
| 8 | Goyal, 2013 | US | NHANES III | 78% | 14.2 | 96.70% | 16008 | 4225 | >20 | Serum | 368 nmol/L | Quintile 5 vs. Q1; >520/<130 | Both | Age, sex, race-ethnicity, level of education, annual family income, body mass index, smoking status, serum cotinine level, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, serum total cholesterol levels, hypertension status, diabetes status, history of heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke or cancer, hormone use in women, and supplement use |
| 9 | Bates, 2011 | UK | BNDNs | 99.80% | 13.5 | 94.50% | 1054 | 717 | >65 | Plasma | 363 nmol/L | per SD | Both | Age and sex |
| 10 | Huerta, 2006 | Spain | Asturias | Not available | 4.3 | 96.00% | 154 | 31 | 61.5–79.8 | Serum | 168 nmol/L | Tertile 3 vs. T1; >177.51/<87 | Both | Age, sex, body mass index, self-perceived health, alcohol consumption, practice of daily exercise, diabetes, use of antihypertensive drugs, plasma albumin concentration, plasma lipids. |
| 11 | Ito, 2002 | Japan | CHEP (1990–1994) | Not available | 6–10 | 90.50% | 2444 | 146 | 39–80 | Serum | 455 nmol/L | Tertile 3 vs. T1 | Both | Age, sex, habits of smoking and alcohol consumption, and serum levels of total cholesterol and GPT activity |
| 12 | Kilander, 2001 | Sweden | Uppsala | 82.00% | 22.7–25.7 | 100.00% | 2285 | 630 | 48.6–51.1 | Serum | 302 nmol/L | per SD | Male | Age |
| 13 | Ito, 1997 | Japan | CHEP (1986–1989) | Not available | 2–8 | Not available | 2348 | 98 | 39–83 | Serum | 666 nmol/L | Highest vs. Lowest group; Male, >592/266; Female, 1266/682 | Both | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking. |
Abbreviation: FFQ, food frequency questionaire; SD, standard deviation; M, male; F, female.