Table 2. Means, Standard Deviation, F and p Values for Positive Parenting, Negative Parenting, Mothers’ Psychological Well-Being, and Mutuality by Family Type.

Parenting	Solo mothers		Partnered mothers		F	p
	M	SD	M	SD
Positive parenting
Expressed warmth	4.14	.83	4.00	.74	1.00	ns
Mother-to-child warmth	2.76	.43	2.65	.48	.31	ns
Child-to-mother warmth	2.68	.51	2.62	.56	.33	ns
Mother’s enjoyment of play	3.38	.60	3.38	.74	1.42	ns
Amount of interaction	2.56	.50	2.54	.57	1.83	ns
Quality of interaction	3.14	.63	3.15	.63	.04	ns
Negative parenting
Conflict	1.08	.59	1.04	.65	1.03	ns
Frequency of battles	5.24	2.21	6.17	1.38	12.91	.001
Level of battles	1.41	.72	1.37	.52	.52	ns
Criticism	.73	.75	.65	.78	.13	ns
Psychological well-being
Trait Anxiety Inventory	35.62	7.64	37.33	9.56	1.22	ns
Edinburgh Depression Scale	5.60	3.62	5.64	4.09	.38	ns
Parenting Stress Index	62.86	13.33	63.49	14.88	.24	ns
Mutuality
Child responsiveness	5.42	.72	5.42	.69	.75	ns
Mother responsiveness	5.56	.89	5.88	.49	1.40	ns
Dyadic reciprocity	2.76	.98	2.35	.94	2.22	ns
Dyadic cooperation	2.93	1.49	2.86	1.30	.86	ns