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| Comparison factors | ||
|---|---|---|
| Group | Non-impact sports | Swimming |
| Impact sports | Running, soccer, volleyball, basketball, cycle, triathlon, gymnastics, martial arts | |
| BMD (Bone Mineral Density) | Z-score of -2 or below | |
| Bone turnover markers | DPD (deoxypyridinoline), bone resorption markers | |
| PICP (carboxyterminal propeptide), bone formation markers | ||
| Nutritional supplements | Calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin D | |
