Table 5.
OR for depression at 18 years according to GAD symptom band at age 15 years (compared with the lowest symptom band) and continuous symptom score in separate logistic regression models, combined models and following adjustments for confounding variables (models are for complete cases across all exposure, outcome and confounding variables with exclusion of those with depression at 15 years; n = 2835)
| Model 1: risk for depressiona at 18 years, unadjusted | Model 2: risk for depressiona at 18 years, adjusted for panic | Model 3: risk for depressiona at 18 years, adjusted for panicb and confoundersc | Model 4: risk for depressiona at 18 years, adjusted for panicb and confoundersc + depression symptom bandsd at 15 years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| ORs for depression at 18 years with GAD symptom intensityb at 15 years as exposure | ||||||||
| Low GAD symptom band | 1 (reference category) | 1 (reference category) | 1 (reference category) | 1 (reference category) | ||||
| Medium GAD symptom band | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 1.5 (0.9–2.1) | ||||
| High GAD symptom band | 6.6 (3.9–11.2) | 6.3 (3.7–10.8) | 5.2 (3.0–9.1) | 3.8 (2.1–6.7) | ||||
| Overall effect using likelihood ratio test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0001 | ||||
| Continuous GAD symptom scoree | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | < 0.001 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | < 0.001 |
OR, Odds ratio; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; CI, confidence interval; CIS-R, Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised; DAWBA, Development and Well-Being Assessment.
Depression identified by the CIS-R.
GAD and panic symptom intensity at 15 years measured by the DAWBA and divided into low, medium and high symptom bands (see the Method section).
Social class, maternal education, birth order, child gender, child smoking status (ever smoked a cigarette, yes/no), child frequency of alcoholic drinks (six levels, ‘I have never tried alcohol’ up to ‘I drink every day’).
Depression symptom intensity at 15 years measured by the DAWBA, divided into bands 1–5 (as described in the Method section, those in band 6 at age 15 years were excluded).
eOR reflects increased odds for a 1 standard deviation symptom increase.