Table 1.
Studies evaluating adipocytokines in renal transplant recipients and patients with CKD
| Author (year) | Number of patients | RRT | Findings | Positive correlations | Negative correlations | Lack of correlations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) Leptin | ||||||
| Agras et al. (2005) [2] | 41 | Tx. | Leptin seems to increase bone mass. | BMI, BMD, z score of BMD | ||
| Agras et al. (2006) [3] | 63 | Tx. | Leptin has an effect on lymphoid stem cells. | CD34/7 | CD34/7/8/4 | |
| Baczkowsk et al. (2000) [4] | 28 | Tx. | Imbalance between leptin and body weight also persists after renal transplantation | Cortisol, BMI | ||
| El Haggan et al. (2004) [5] | 41 | Tx. | Pretransplant leptin levels reduced after transplantation | Fat mass, CRP | Dietary intake | |
| Fonseca et al. (2015) [6] | 40 | Tx. | Leptin levels are independently determined by graft function | Male, DGF | Acute rejection | |
| Kagan et al. (2002) [7] | 24 | Tx. | Leptin shows correlation with gender, BMI, insulin and cortisol levels | Gender, BMI, cortisol, insulin | ||
| Kayacan et al. (2003) [8] | 34 | Tx. | Pretransplant leptin levels reduced after transplantation and was not effected by alimentary intake | HOMA, fat mass | ||
| Kokot et al. (1998) [9] | 40 | Tx | Pretransplant leptin levels reduced after transplantation | BMI | Age | |
| Kokot et al. (1999) [10] | nd. | Tx | Elevated leptin levels not only modulated by BMI | BMI | ||
| Kovesdy et al. (2010) [11] | 978 | Tx | Leptin lowers the bone turnover independently from PTH | PTH | vitD | |
| Landt et al. (1998) [12] | 29 | Tx | Pretransplant leptin levels reduced after transplantation | BMI | Gender | |
| Lee et al. (2010) [13] | 55 | Tx. | Leptin correlates with metabolic syndrome | MetSy, waistCX, BMI, fat mass, CRP | ||
| Lee et al. (2014) [14] | 74 | Tx. | Leptin was positively associated with peripheral arterial stiffness among renal transplant recipients | |||
| Malyszko et al. (2005) [15] | 27 | Tx. | Leptin is associated with graft function, but not related to BMD and bone metabolism | Body mass/fat, creatinine | Nutrition, BMD | |
| Nicoletto et al. (2012) [16] | 32 | Tx. | Pretransplant leptin levels reduced after transplantation | Gender, BF, HOMA | ||
| Rafieian-Kopaei et al. (2013) [17] | 72 | Tx | Leptin levels and duration of kidney transplant shows strong negative correlation | Gender | Duration of kidney Tx | Age, BMI, creatinine |
| Souza et al. (2007) [18] | 32 | Tx. | Pretransplant leptin levels reduced after transplantation | HOMA, fat mass | GFR | |
| (B) Adiponectin | ||||||
| Adamczak et al. (2007) [19] | 228 | Tx | ADPN levels are higher in RTR than in healthy controls, but lower than in HD patients | BMI, GFR, HOMA-IR | ||
| Adamczak et al. (2011) [20] | 88 | Tx | Role of ADPN in LVH and atherosclerosis cannot be confirmed | |||
| Alam et al. (2012) [21] | 987 | Tx | Elevated levels of ADPN increase mortality | GFR, BMI, abd.circ., CRP | CCI | |
| Bayes et al. (2007) [22] | 68 | Tx | Atorvastatin therapy did not modulate ADPN levels | HDL | HOMA-IR, creatinin | |
| Bayes et al. (2005) [23] | 199 | Tx | ADPN were lower, BMI higher in patients who developed NODAT | TNF, BMI, PAPP-A | Insulin | Age, sex |
| Canas et al. (2012) [24] | 157 | Tx | ADPN has an inverse association with insulin resistance | HOMA-R, c-IMT | ||
| Chitalia et al. (2010) [25] | 43 | Tx | ADPN levels do not predict the CV risk in RTR | hsCRP | GFR, BMI, Hgb, waist circumference | BP, smoking, lipids, DM |
| Chudek et al. (2003) [26] | 44 | HD/Tx | Kidney plays an important role in biodegradation of ADPN | HOMA-IR | ||
| Chudek et al. (2013) [27] | 372 | Tx | ACE I/D polymorphism modulates ADPN levels | Female, ACE II genotype | BMI | |
| Fonseca et al. (2015) [6] | 40 | Tx | ADPN level is not only modified by early graft function | Male, DGF | Acute rejection | |
| Ho et al. (2015) [28] | 69 | Tx | ADPN has negative correlation with arterial stiffness | DM, smoking, BMI, waist CX, BP, arterial stiffness | ||
| Idorn et al. (2012) [29] | 57 | Tx | ADPN level decreases after transplantation and does not predict NODAT | GFR, BMI, insulin | ||
| Kaisar et al. (2009) [30] | 137 | Tx | Hypoadiponectinemia associated with CVD | HDL, female | BMI, MetSy, IGT, TG, CRP, GFR | |
| Kang et al. (2012) [31] | 575 | Tx | ADIPOQ rs1501299 is associated with PTDM in a sex-specific manner | |||
| Kulshrestha et al. (2013) [32] | 74 | Tx | Patients with metabolic syndrome have lower ADPN levels after transplantation | Clinical events | ||
| Lee et al. (2011) [33] | 55 | Tx | Body fat mass is an independent predictor of ADPN levels | Fat mass, waist CX, MetSy | ||
| Leibowitz et al. (2013) [34] | 35 | Tx | ADPN in hypertensive patients is not a predictive factor for CVD | BMI, TG | ||
| Malyszko et al. (2005) [35] | 82 | Tx | ADPN seems to have defense mechanism against endothelial damage | CD146, thrombomodulin, creatinine | BMI, protein Z | |
| Nicoletto et al. (2013) [36] | 270 | Tx | TT genotype of ADPN increases the prevalence of NODAT | |||
| Nishimura et al. (2009) [37] | 98 | Tx | TAC and ARB modulate ADPN levels and posttransplant ADPN levels correlate with NODAT | HOMA-IR | hsCRP | |
| Prasad et al. (2012) [38] | 129 | Tx | ADPN level lower in South African population | GFR | ||
| Roos et al. (2012) [39] | 206 | Tx | Pretransplant ADPN level predicts higher risk for graft loss | Graft loss | ||
| Sethna et al. (2009) [40] | 33 | Tx | Lower ADPN levels associate with higher ambulatory BP | HT | ||
| Shen et al. (2007) [41] | 54 | Tx | ADPN levels are higher in RTR than in healthy controls, but lower than in HD patients (AdipoR1/2) | HOMA-IR | ||
| Shu et al. (2012) [42] | 271 | Tx | ADPN level is lower in patients with metabolic syndrome, even with lower GFR | HDL | GFR, MetSy, BMI | |
| Taherimahmoudi et al. (2010) [43] | 67 | Tx | ADPN levels are higher in RTR than in healthy controls, but lower than in HD patients. ADPN did not decrease immediately after transplantation | BMI, HOMA-R, GFR | ||
| Teplan et al. (2007) [44] | 68 | Tx | Immunosuppressive therapy could decrease BMI | Leptin | BMI | |
| Teplan et al. (2008) [45] | 140 | Tx | In obese RTR, ADMA is increased and ADPN levels are decreased | BMI | ||
| Yilmaz et al. (2005) [46] | 27 | Tx | ADMA, hsCRP decreasing instantly after transplantation, not like FMD and ADPN (they change later on) | |||
| Yu et al. (2011) [47] | 398 | Tx | SNP-45/276 of the ADPN gene were significantly associated with an increased risk for NODAT | |||
| (C) Visfatin | ||||||
| Axelsson et al. (2007) [48] | 189 | CKD | Elevated with higher CKD stages and may predict mortality | IL-6, hsCRP, VCAM | GFR | |
| Bessa et al. (2010) [49] | 40 | CKD | Visfatin is strongly associated with ED and flow-mediated dilatation | ICAM, VCAM, CRP, IL-6 | FMD, GFR | |
| Carrero et al. (2009) [50] | 246 | CKD | Elevated visfatin is associated with anorexia | PEW | TG, Chol, albumin | BMI, leptin |
| Eleftheriadis et al. (2013) [51] | 33 | HD | Visfatin is elevated in HD patients and is connected with decreased demands for rHuEpo | TSAT, Hgb | DM, BMI, IL-6 | |
| Erten et al. (2008) [52] | 31/30 | HD/CAPD | In CAPD patients, visfatin is higher than in HD/healthy individuals | IL-6, TNF | Left ventricular diastolic function | Left ventricular mass index |
| Kato et al. (2009) [53] | 68 | HD | Visfatin shows a strong association with time spent on HD | Time on HD, hsCRP | Albumin | BMI, adiponectin, body fat |
| Lu et al. (2013) [54] | 173 | CKD | Visfatin level is significantly higher in CAD patients and correlates with E-selectin | CAD, hsCRP, BNP, WBC, LDL | GFR, albumin | |
| Mahmood et al. (2010) [55] | 50 | CKD | Higher than in healthy controls. No modulation by DM | Proteinuria | GFR | DM |
| Malyszko et al. (2009) [56] | 100 | Tx | Higher than in healthy controls | VCAM, CRP, PTH | GFR, albumin | Gender, comorbidities, medication |
| Malyszko et al. (2010) [57] | 75/40 | HD/CAPD | Clearance modulated by RRT type, visfatin could be the link between inflammation and adipocytokines | TG, hsCRP, IL-6, TNF, ICAM, VCAM, CD146, HD vin | GFR | |
| Mu et al. (2011) [58] | 117 | CKD | Visfatin may play an important role in uremia-related atherosclerosis | ED, hsCRP, TG, LDL | GFR, FMD, HDL | |
| Yilmaz et al. (2008) [59] | 58 | Tx | Visfatin levels decline after Tx | ED, hsCRP | GFR, FMD | Medication |
| Yilmaz et al. (2008) [60] | 406 | CKD | Visfatin is associated with ED independently from inflammation | ED, hsCRP | GFR, FMD | |
| (D) Resistin | ||||||
| Akagun et al. (2014) [61] | 69 | HD | Increased in HD patients with failed renal allografts | TNF, IL-6, hsCRP | Albumin | |
| Chung et al. (2012) [62] | 100 | HD | Low resistin levels independently predict poor hospitalization-free survival | IL-6 | ||
| Dan et al. (2014) [63] | 96 | CKD | Serum resistin is higher in the CKD population | |||
| Filippidis et al. (2005) [64] | 33 | HD | HD does not effect the resistin levels, kidney plays a role in elimination, did not reduce insulin sensitivity | BMI, body fat, HOMA-R, insulin | ||
| Kawamura et al. (2010) [65] | 3192 | CKD | Serum resistin is higher in CKD population. | hsCRP, TG, HOMA | GFR, HDL | BMI |
| Kaynar et al. (2014) [66] | 150 | Tx | Resistin is not elevated in Tx patients | PEW | ||
| Kielstein et al. (2003) [67] | 30 | HD | Resistin levels depend mainly on GFR and its levels do not modulate insulin sensitivity | Homocysteine, age | GFR | Insulin, leptin, BMI, waistCX |
| Malyszko et al. (2006) [68] | 96 | Tx | Kidney function is a major determinant of elevating resistin and inflammation | hsCRP, IL-6, RBCc, WBC, VCAM | GFR | |
| Marouga et al. (2013) [69] | 80 | CKD | Resistin may be a part of the reverse epidemiology phenomenon of CKD patients | TNF, hsCRP | Alb, GFR, Htc, BMI, leptin, HOMA | HOMA, BMI, cholesterine, leptin |
| Oltean et al. (2013) [70] | 63 | DBD | High resistin level in DABD causes delayed graft function | |||
| Spoto et al. (2013) [71] | 231 | HD | Resistin predicts death depending on ADPN level | hsCRP | ADPN | Leptin, HOMA |
abd.circ., abdominal circumference; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; ADPN, adiponectin; Alb, albumin; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BF, body fat; BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CCI, chronic coronary insufficiency; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DABD, donation after brain death; DGF, delayed graft function; DM, diabetes mellitus; ED, endothelial dysfunction; FMD, fibromuscular dysplasia; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HD, hemodialysis; HDL, high density lipoprotein; Hgb, hemoglobin; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICAM, intracellular adhesion molecule; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; IL, interleukin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MetSy, metabolic syndrome; NODAT, new-onset diabetes after transplantation; PAPP-A, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; PEW, protein energy wasting; PTH, parathyroid hormone; RBC, red blood cell; RRT, renal replacement therapy; RTR, renal transplant recipients; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; TSAT, transferrin saturation; TG, triglyceride; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Tx, transplantation; vitD, vitamin D; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; waistCX, waist circumference; WBC, white blood cell.