Fig 5. Increase in the developmental time of five Spodoptera frugiperda populations caused by continuous exposure to Bt Cry1Ab maize foliage throughout larval development.

Data are mean time to develop from neonate to pupa for five populations of fall armyworm collected from conventional (non-Bt) or Cry1Ab maize fields and reared on leaves of non-Bt isoline (i.e., control diet) or Bt Cry1Ab maize (i.e., Cry1Ab diet) in the laboratory. While means ± standard errors with asterisk significantly differ (P < 0.05, Fisher’s protected Least Significant Difference procedure) between insects of the same population fed non-Bt isoline or Cry1Ab maize leaves as diet, means ± standard errors with ns indicate no significant difference.