Table 4.

Types and concentrations of gel-forming agents used in ethosomal gel preparations

Drug/agent	Gel-forming agent		Reference(s)
	Name	Concentration
Amphotericin B	Carbopol 934	1% w/w	100
Econazole nitrate	Carbopol 934	1% w/w	40
Ketoconazole	Carbopol 934	2% w/w	84
Lopinavir	Carbopol 934	0.8% w/v	35
Losartan	Carbopol 934	0.75% w/v	96
Meloxicam	Carbopol 934	1% w/w	101
Testosterone	Carbopol 934	NM	102
Tretinoin	Carbopol 934	1.5% w/w	78
Valsartan	Carbopol 934	NM	51
5-Fluorouracil	Carbopol 934P	1.5% w/w	32
Aceclofenac	Carbopol 934P	0.75% w/v	15
Azelaic acid	Carbopol 934P	0.75% w/w	97
Methoxsalen	Carbopol 934P	2% w/w	103
Vinpocetine	Carbopol 934P	1% w/w	104
Clotrimazole	Carbopol 934LR	1% w/v	14
Psoralen	Carbopol 934LR	1% w/v	92
Benzocaine	Carbopol 940	0.5% w/w	66
Black-tea extracts	Carbopol 940	NM	28
Buspirone hydrochloride	Carbopol 940	0.7% w/w	72
Capsaicin and capsicum tincture	Carbopol 940	1% w/w	105
Ligustrazine phosphate	Carbopol 940	1% w/w	106
Repaglinide	Carbopol 940	1.5% w/w	53
Valsartan	Carbopol 940	1% w/w	107
Erythromycin	Carbopol 974	1% w/w	108
Erythromycin	Carbopol 974	NM	109
Cetirizine	Carbopol 980 NF	1.25%	98
Griseofulvin	Carbopol 980 NF	0.5% w/w	110
5-Fluorouracil	Carbopol ultrez	0.8% w/w	18
Ibuprofen	Carbopol (grade NM)	NM	111
Felodipine	Hydroxypropyl cellulose	1.5% w/v	112
Fluconazole	Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K4M	2% w/w	113
Mitoxantrone	Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose RG4T	10% w/v	114
Salbutamol sulfate	Pluronic F127	20% w/w	39
Granisetron hydrochloride	Lutrol F127	20% w/w	115
Metronidazole	Sodium alginate	8% w/v	116
Cannabidiol	NM	NM	117
Diclofenac	NM	NM	8

Abbreviation: NM, not mentioned.