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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Apr;4(2):10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0022-2015. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0022-2015

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Macrophage activation pathways. Biofilm growth of Staphylococci has been shown to favor the M2 phenotype in macrophages, which is characterized by increased arginase and pro-fibrotic activity, as well as decreased antimicrobial clearance. These changes are thought to contribute to the persistence of Staphylococci in biofilm infections. This figure is a reproduction from (273).