Table 1. Baseline characteristics of REGARDS participants with diabetes by the use of Calcium Chanel Blockers (CCB), n = 4978.

Characteristics	Non-users, n = 3494	CCB users, n = 1484		Verapamil users, n = 174
	n (%)	n (%)	P	n (%)	P
Socio-demographics
Age, mean years, SD	64.9 ± 8.8	66.2 ± 8.5	<0.001	66.1 ± 8.7	0.09
African American	1795 (51.4)	1007 (67.9)	<0.001	121 (69.5)	<0.001
Female	1771 (50.7)	840 (56.6)	<0.001	109 (62.6)	0.002
Geographical region			0.70		0.45
Stroke belt	1256 (35.9)	515 (34.7)		70 (40.2)
Stroke buckle	811 (23.2)	352 (23.7)		35 (20.1)
Non-belt	1427 (40.8)	617 (41.6)		69 (39.7)
Did not graduate from high school	605 (17.3)	324 (21.9)	<0.001	40 (23.0)	0.001
Income < $35,000	1743 (49.9)	830 (55.9)	<0.001	108 (62.1)	0.06
Behaviors
Current smoking	490 (14.1)	198 (13.4)	0.83	22 (12.6)	0.62
Any alcohol use	909 (26.8)	344(23.6)	0.03	41(24.0)	0.37
Not physically active	1354 (39.3)	645 (44.2)	<0.001	74 (43.3)	0.30
Medication non-adherence	1034 (31.0)	459 (31.7)	0.66	56 (32.7)	0.67
Other medical conditions
CHD	868 (24.8)	439 (29.6)	<0.001	42 (24.1)	0.83
Other CVD	418 (12.0)	233 (15.7)	<0.001	16 (9.2)	0.27
Hypertension	2466 (70.7)	1409 (95.0)	<0.001	168 (96.6)	<0.001
Physiological
Waist circumference, cm, mean, SD	104.5 ± 15.4	105.8 ± 15.9	<0.001	106.6 ± 15.7	0.08
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean, SD	130.7 ± 16.9	134.3 ± 17.3	<0.001	139.3 ± 18.2	<0.001
Total cholesterol mg/dL, mean, SD	183.2 ± 42.6	178.1 ± 40.8	<0.001	182.8 ± 43.6	0.91
HDL-C, mg/dl, mean, SD	46.3 ± 14.0	48.0 ± 14.3	<0.001	49.5 ± 16.0	0.004
Albumin to creatinine ratio, median, IQR	11.0 [5.8–30.4]	16.7 [7.5–70.8]	<0.001	17.9 [6.6–70.8]	<0.001
Heart Rate, beat/min, mean, SD	71.1 ± 33.8	69.6 ± 12.4	0.02	69.4 ± 11.2	0.10
Diabetes management
Any anti-diabetic medication or insulin use	2569 (73.5)	1188 (80.1)	<0.001	145 (83.3)	0.004

Abbreviations: CCB—calcium channel blocker, CHD—coronary heart disease, CVD—cardiovascular disease, IQR—interquartile range, HDL-C—high density lipoprotein cholesterol, SD—standard deviation.