Table 2.

Risk of renal composite outcome (GFR event, end stage renal disease [ESRD] or Death) among initiators of metformin compared with sulfonylureas. For all analyses patients are censored after reaching a serum creatinine of 1.5mg/dL. Adjusted Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals are reported.

	Persistent exposure required (Full cohort)*	Persistent exposure required (urine protein subgroup)†
Patients	13238	8672
Events (composite endpoint)	759	515
GFR events	700	472
ESRD	1	1
Death	58	42
Time at Risk (years)	15,793	10123
	Adjusted hazard of composite outcome (GFR event, ESRD, or death)
Sulfonylurea	ref.	ref
Metformin	0.82 (0.70, 0.97)	0.77 (0.63, 0.95)
Metformin + Sulfonylurea	1.05 (0.79, 1.40)	1.17 (0.83, 1.64)
	Adjusted hazard of GFR event or ESRD
Sulfonylurea	ref.	ref
Metformin	0.85 (0.72, 1.01)	0.78 (0.64, 0.97)
Metformin + Sulfonylurea	1.01 (0.75, 1.37)	1.11 (0.78, 1.59)

^*Persistent exposure required: considers patients persistent on their incident regimen until they have a gap in use of medications that reaches 90 days, or have added or switched to a different hypoglycemic agent, have a study outcome, have left the VA, reached the end of the study or reached a creatinine of 1.5 mg/dL or higher.

^†Persistent exposure required among subgroup with baseline urine protein testing. This analysis is among the subgroup of patients who had testing for urine protein within the baseline period (N=8672).

Models were adjusted for: age, sex, race, baseline creatinine (fifth degree polynomial), baseline blood pressure, history of hypertension, history of cardiovascular disease, baseline HbA1c, baseline BMI (third degree polynomial), the use of ACEI or ARBs, diuretics, baseline number of medications (third degree polynomial), year of cohort entry, number of outpatient visits, history of hospitalization at baseline and marital status. Among patients with baseline urine protein testing (N=8672), model adjusts for proteinuria.