Table 2.

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of prostate cancer.

Name	Background strain	Year	Features	Disadvantages	Reference
C3(1)-Tag	FVB/N	1994	PHH (3 mths) PCa (7–11 mths)	Sporadic metastases, aspecific breast cancer in female (12 wks)	[37]
TRAMP	C57BL/6	1994	PHH (8 wks), PIN (18 wks) Lymph. metastases (28 wks)	Neuroendocrine originated tumors	[38]
FG-Tag	C57BL/6	1996	Accurate model of castration-resistant PCa	Aspecific adrenocortical tumors in 50% of female mice	[39]
LPB-Tag (LADY)	CD-1	1997	Accurate model for all stages of PCa studies	Neuroendocrine originated foci in liver, lymph., and lung metastases	[40]
LPB-Tag/ARR2PB hepsin	C57BL/6JxCBA	2004	Increased migratory ability	Neuroendocrine originated cells forming liver metastases	[41]
Mt-PRL	C57BL/6JxCBA-f2	1997	Appropriate model to study BPH	Rare PCa progression, no metastases	[42]
BK5-IGF1	FVB × ICR	2000	PIN (6 mths), PCa (9 mths)	Not metastases, off-target effects	[43]
PB-mAR	FVB	2001	Microinvasive HGPIN, useful in PCa studies about androgens	Rare metastases	[44]
ARR2PB-Myc	FVB	1999	From PIN to PCa in 2 mths Regression after castration (8 mths)	Not metastases observed	[45]
ARR2PB-FGFR1	FVB	2003	Hyperproliferation and PIN	Failed in the later stages of disease	[46]
PB-Ras	FVB/N	2004	Did not progress further than PIN	Intestinal metaplasia Thickened fibromuscular stroma	[47]
PB-Neu	C57BL/6JxCBA	2006	Similar to human acinar type	Low translational potential (rare cases of Neu alteration in human PCa)	[48]
ARR2PB-ERG	FVB	2008	PIN (12–14 wks)	Take rate of 38%	[49]

PHH: prostatic epithelial hyperplasia; PIN: prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia; BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia.