Table 3.

Prostatic knockout and conditional knockout mouse models.

Name	Type	Background strain	Year	Features	Disadvantages	Reference
RARγ	KO	C57Bl6F1	1993	Squamous cell metaplasia in prostate and seminal vesicles	PCa not developed; mucosal alteration, inflammation	[50]
Kip1	KO	C57BL/6	1996	Hyperplasia of prostate acinar cells (similar to that seen in PPH)	Hyperplasia of multiple organs; not metastases	[51]
Nkx3.1	KO	129/SvImJ C57Bl/6J	1999	Severe hyperplasia/dysplasia with haploinsufficiency (in heterozygous)	Altered morphogenesis of salivary glands	[52]
PTEN	KO	C57BL6/J	1998	PIN development	Off-target alteration: gonads, lymphoid cells, uterus, thyroid, adrenal glands	[53]
PTEN × p27	KO	C57BL6/J	2001	PCa progression with high take rate	Off-target alteration: endometrium, thyroid, adrenal glands	[54]
PTEN × p53	KO	129 SvJ	2009	HGPIN	Off-target alteration: gonads, lymphoid cells, uterus, thyroid, adrenal glands	[55]
PSACrePtenflox	Conditional KO	FVB	2005	Various stages of hyper/displasia High translational potential	Rare lymph nodes metastases	[56]
PBCreRbflox	Conditional KO	C57BL/6	2004	Hyperplasia with loss of basement membrane integrity	Insufficient transformation	[57]
PBCre4p53floxRbflox	Conditional KO	C57BL/6xDBA2 × FVB/N	2006	Metastatic carcinoma (also with distant metastases)	Rare skeletal metastases	[58]
PBCre4Apcflox	Conditional KO	C57Bl/6J and 129Sv/J	2007	PIN followed by locally adenocarcinoma	Not distant metastases displayed	[59]
PBCre4IGF-1flox	Conditional KO	FVB/NJ	2008	Hyperplasia	Insufficient transformation	[60]
PBCre4Brca2floxp53flox	Conditional KO	Mixed genetic background	2010	Early HGPIN (from 12 mths) due to high DNA damage	Rare metastasis	[61]

HGPIN: high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.