Table 1.

Multivariate analysis to assess the effect of study variables on congenital cleft lip and/or palate malformation in the case group (n= 105) and control group (n= 218) of a case-control study

Study variables	Case group (n=105) (%)	Control group (n=218)(%)	OR (CI 95%)	P-value
Age at pregnancy (years):
>25	45.7	40.8	1	ref*
25-35	51.4	49.5	3.3(0.3-2.9)	0.006
<35	2.9	9.6	17.5(1.04-7)	0.001
Maternal education:
Not a high school graduate	58.1	33.9	1	Ref*
High school graduate	34.3	41.3	3.3(1.4-7.85)	0.006
College graduate	7.6	24.8	17.5(3.4-90.4)	0.001
Male child	61.9	46.8	0.95(0.43-2.1)	0.892
Familial marriage	43.8	6	18.3(2.4-89.4)	0.001
Maternal smoking	41	5	14.7(5.4-75.4)	0.001
Paternal smoking	23.8	31.2	NA	0.254

^*Reference group