Table. 1. Anti-malarial drugs and their mechanisms of resistance.

Name of anti-malarial drug	Mechanism of resistance
Chloroquinine	Mutations in a gene encoding a transporter, PfCRT and mutations on the Pfmdr-1 [13, 17]
Atovaquone	Point mutations in the gene of cytochrome b [7]
Mefloquine	Duplications in Pfmdr, which encodes the Pgh [14]
Arylaminoalcohols	Duplications in Pfmdr, which encodes the Pgh [8]
Pyrimethamine	Sequential acquisition of mutations in the DHFR gene [16]
Cycloguanil	Sequential acquisition of mutations in the DHFR gene [7, 9]
Artemisinin	Not clearly understood; probably by mutation in C580y or point mutations and copy number variations in Pfmdr-1 [17, 18, 19]

PfCRT, Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter; Pfmdr-1, Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene-1; Pgh, p-glycoprotein pump , DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase.