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Schematic overview of the study design. Eligible patients had LVRS on two separate occasions. During the first LVRS bone marrow (BM) was collected, from which MSCs were isolated and expanded ex vivo. After clinical recovery, patients received two autologous MSC infusions, followed by the second LVRS procedure. This study protocol is based on previous clinical trials.4 The expansion of MSCs is described in the supplementary methods.
