Figure 2.

DAPC of European red deer populations. Similar RGB colour codes signify genetic similarity. Sardinia, Mesola, Norway, and Sweden are genetically very different from the rest of Europe, effectively veiling differentiation among the latter (left). When running the analysis without these 4 outliers (right), the European pattern largely shows a dichotomy between a western group (red-purple colors) that ranges from Iberia through western Europe and the British Isles to eastern central Europe, and an eastern group (green-blue colors) in the Balkans and southern central Europe. In Central and Eastern Europe, these groups admix (brownish colors). This is in accordance with both mtDNA phylogeography and the BAPS results for K = 3. The Belgian red deer are the only outliers in this pattern (yellow dots).