Table 4.
Hierarchical AMOVA at all markers used in this study
| Marker | A priori grouping | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All 5 plumage color variants | Highland grey and brown morphs | Lowland forms | |||||||
| F CT | F SC | F ST | F CT | F SC | F ST | F CT | F SC | F ST | |
| Agouti cis 2 | −0.010 | 0.009 | −0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Agouti cis 4 | 0.017 | 0.034 | 0.051 | 0.002 | 0.123* | 0.124* | −0.007 | −0.033 | −0.040 |
| Agouti cis 6 | 0.023 | 0.026 | 0.049 | 0.037 | 0.043 | 0.079 | 0.059 | −0.007 | 0.052 |
| Agouti partial | 0.009 | 0.119*** | 0.127*** | −0.023 | 0.115** | 0.095** | −0.033 | 0.105*** | 0.076*** |
| Agouti complete | — | — | — | −0.030 | 0.099** | 0.072** | — | — | — |
| Corin | 0.224** | 0.001 | 0.225*** | 0.008 | −0.021 | −0.013 | −0.036 | 0.048 | 0.014 |
| DCT | −0.003 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.016 | 0.021 | 0.037 | −0.013 | 0.004 | −0.009 |
| POMC | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.019 | −0.016 | 0.018 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| SLC24A5 | 0.001 | 0.036* | 0.037* | −0.005 | 0.046 | 0.041 | 0.016 | 0.026 | 0.042 |
| TYR | 0.012 | 0.020 | 0.031 | −0.016 | 0.017 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.018 | 0.024 |
| TYRP1 | 0.292* | 0.019 | 0.306*** | −0.029 | 0.009 | −0.020 | 0.010 | 0.038 | 0.048 |
Analyses were conducted using plumage color variant, highland color morph, or lowland color form as grouping factors. F CT, F SC, F ST stand for genetic differences among a priori defined groups, among localities within groups, and among localities, respectively. Significance levels: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Significant values are highlighted in bold.