Table 2.
Pathogens detected in Dermacentor reticulatus
| Status | Pathogen | Disease | Region | Relevance | Note | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vector | Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus | Omsk haemorrhagic fever | Western Siberia | PH | [207] | |
| Tick-borne encephalitis virus | Tick-borne encephalitis | Eurasia | PH | [80, 149, 228, 299] | ||
| Rickettsia raoultii | TIBOLA/DEBONEL | Eurasia | PH | [15, 62, 64, 107, 126, 141, 159, 235, 238, 245, 247–249, 300–303] | ||
| Rickettsia slovaca | TIBOLA/DEBONEL | Eurasia | PH | [64, 238, 245, 300, 304] | ||
| Anaplasma marginale | Bovine anaplasmosis | France | VET | Disseminated infection and mechanical (surgery) calf to calf transmission | [104, 194, 196] | |
| Babesia canis | Canine babesiosis | Eurasia | VET | [69, 112, 123, 144, 180, 300, 305] | ||
| Babesia caballi | Equine babesiosis | Southern Europe | VET | [69] | ||
| Theileria equi | Equine theileriosis | Eurasia | VET | [188, 306, 307] | ||
| Carrier: found in questing or fed ticks or used in experimental infection studies (with unknown vector role) | Kemerovo virus | Kemerovo tick fever | Western Siberia | PH | [148] | |
| Bluetongue virus (BTV-8) | Bluetongue disease | n.a. | PH | Disseminated infection but no transstadial or transovarial infection | [308] | |
| Palma virus | ? | n.a. | ? | transmission by co-feeding on laboratory mice | [309] | |
| Murid herpesvirus 4 | Not known | Slovakia | ? | [310] | ||
| Rickettsia helvetica | Aneruptive fever, endocarditis | Eurasia | PH | [115, 141, 250] | ||
| Rickettsia sibirica sibirica | Siberian tick typhus | Asia | PH | [311, 312] | ||
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum | Human, canine and equine granulocytic anaplasmosis | Eurasia | PH + VET | [104, 144, 247, 313, 314] | ||
| Borrelia burgdorferi (s.s.) | Lyme borreliosis | Eurasia | PH | [141] | ||
| Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) | Lyme borreliosis | Eurasia | PH | [104, 107, 141, 315, 316] | ||
| Borrelia afzelii | Lyme borreliosis | Eurasia | PH | Also detected in engorged larvae removed from uninfected mice | [15, 141, 206] | |
| Borrelia valaisiana | Lyme borreliosis | Eurasia | PH | [141] | ||
| Borrelia garinii | Lyme borreliosis | Eurasia | PH | [158] | ||
| Coxiella burneii | Q-fever | Eurasia | PH | [104, 317] | ||
| Francisella tularensis ssp. holarctica | Tularemia | Eurasia | PH | [200, 318, 319] | ||
| Francisella philomiragia | Opportunistic human pathogen, fish pathogen | Eurasia | PH + VET | Not tick-transmitted | [104] | |
| Francisella-like organisms | Not known | Eurasia | – | [105, 150, 320–324] | ||
| Bartonella henselae | Cat scratch disease | Eurasia | PH | [141, 158] | ||
| Bartonella quintana | Five-days fever | Eurasia | PH | [158] | ||
| Bartonella sp. | ? | n.a. | ? | [104] | ||
| Gordonia sputi | Endocarditis, mediastinitis | Europe | PH | In immunosuppressed individuals, not tick-transmitted | [325, 326] | |
| Microbacterium floriorum | ? | Europe | ? | In immunosuppressed individuals, not tick-transmitted | [325] | |
| Arthrobacter oxydans | ? | Europe | ? | Not tick-transmitted | [325] | |
| Kocuria kristinae | Endocarditis, peritonitis | Europe | PH | Not tick-transmitted | [325] | |
| Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens | Septic arthritis | Europe | PH | Not tick-transmitted | [325] | |
| Salmonella typhimurium | Salmonellosis | Eurasia | PH | Not tick-transmitted but transovarially transmitted | [327, 328] | |
| Babesia microti | Human babesiosis | Eurasia | PH | [200, 305] | ||
| Babesia divergens | Bovine babesiosis, Redwater fever | Spain | PH + VET | [307, 329] | ||
| Human babesiosis | Europe | |||||
| Babesia bigemina | Texas fever | Spain | VET | [307] | ||
| Theileria sp. OT1 | Not known | Spain | ? | [307] | ||
| Hepatozoon canis | Canine hepatozoonosis | Worldwide | VET | In engorged nymphs from infected dogs | [298] | |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Toxoplasmosis | Worldwide | PH + VET | Not tick-transmitted | [202] | |
| Nosema slovaca | – | Slovakia, Hungary | – | [330] |
Abbreviations: PH public health; VET. veterinary; n.a. not applicable